.1)5+ 


BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

•0- 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


...UTAH... 

A  Complete  and  Comprehensive  Description 


OF   THE 


Agricultural  and 
mineral  Hesourees, 
Stock  H&ising  and 
Manufacturing  Interests 


Its  Attractions,  Institutions,  Etc. 

WITH    STATISTICS    IN    REGARD    TO    ITS 

Climate,  Population,  Industries,  Finances,  Etc. 

Compiled   from  the  Latest   Reports. 


of  tJie  ... 


TENTH  mSSffSism  «  I    i\  *          EDITION. 


Mavoh    1901. 


UTAH 


ITS 


1901 


COMPLIMENTS   OF  THE 

PASSENGER    DEPARTMENT 


TENTH    EDITION 


A 

COMPLETE   AND   COMPREHENSIVE 

REVIEW    OF  THE   MINERAL   AND   AGRICULTURAL 

RESOURCES,      THE      STOCK      GROWING      AND     MANUFACTURING 

INTERESTS,    THE    SCENIC    AND    CLIMATIC   ATTRACTIONS,   THE   FAMOUS   HEALTH; 

BATHING,    AND    PLEASURE    RESORTS,    AND    THE    COMMERCIAL, 

INDUSTRIAL,  FINANCIAL,  SOCIAL,  EDUCATIONAL, 

AND   RELIGIOUS   ADVANTAGES 

OF  THE 

STATE  OF  UTAH 

WITH   TABLES 

OF    TEMPERATURE    AND    PRO- 
DUCTION,   STATISTICS   OF   POPULATION   AND 

WEALTH,    THE   ANNUAL   OUTPUT   OF   MINES,    RANGES,   AND   FARMS, 
TOGETHER    WITH    MUCH    GENERAL   INFORMATION    AND   MANY   HERETOFORE    UN- 
PUBLISHED   FACTS    ABOUT    THE    NEW    STATE    WHICH    WILL    BE    OF 
INTEREST  TO  TOURISTS,   CAPITALISTS,    HOMESEEKERS, 
AND   OTHERS,    COMPILED   FROM   THE 
LATEST   REPORTS. 


TENTH  EDITION. 


In  compiling  the  book,  the  pages  of  current  Utah  publications  have  been  frequently  drawn 
upon,  and  much  that  other  writers  have  said  about  the  State  has  been  used  entire  or 
with  such  changes  as  were  needed  to  make  their  statements  applicable  to  present 
conditions.-  Copious  extracts  have  also  been  taken  from  special  editions  of  the 
Salt  Lake  Tribune.  Herald,  and  Deseret  Evening  News;  from  the  "Resources 
and  Attraction^  of  Utah,"  a  publication  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  L.  A. 
Culmer,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  for  the  Salt  Lake  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
from  the  official  report  of  Prof.  Marcus  E  .Jones,  an  United  State« 
Treasury  expert;  from  files  of  statistics  collected  by  the 
State,  and  from  Union  Pacific  publications,  and  numer- 
ous other  pamphlets  and  special  articles;  and  the 
Union  Pacific  is  specially  indebted  to  Mr.  E.  F. 
Colborn,   ex-Secretary  of  the  Salt  Lake  { 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  for  his 
invaluable  assistance  in 
this  compilation. 


OMAHA,    MARCH,    1OO1. 


Copyright  1901,  by  E.  L.  Lomax,  G.  P.  &  T.  A.,  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Co., 
Omaha,  Neb. 


Bancroft  Ubraiy 


INTRODUCTION. 


Because  publications  of  this  class  frequently  contain  exaggerations,  which 
-^  mislead  persons  seeking  conservative  and  reliable  information,  it  does  not 
^f»  follow  that  the  statements  in  this  book  is  untrustworthy.  No  advantage 
^  could  be  gained  from  either  misrepresentation  or  exaggeration  when  the  plain 
.  truth  about  Utah's  resources,  advantages,  and  attractions  entitle  her  to  a  cer- 
»-.  tificate  of  greatness,  such  as  no  other  State  in  the  West  can  claim. 
^  Strangers  to  the  real  wonders  of  Utah  often  find  it  difficult  to  accept  the 

*  most  truthful  descriptions  of  them.  For  instance,  many  people  find  it  hard 
A  to  believe  that  the  human  body  will  not  sink  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  although 
£,_)  that  fact  is  demonstrated  every  day  in  the  summer  season  at  Garfield  Beach. 
ff*  Ordinarily  it  is  easy  to  tell  the  truth,  but  when  the  truth  is  stranger  than 
O  fiction,  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  tell  it  in  a  way  to  carry  conviction. 

The  statistics  and  tables  herein  were  made  up  from  reliable  authorities, 
^       and  may  be  depended  upon,  and  the  hope  is  expressed  that  they  will  be  of 
service  to  inquirers  about  Utah,  and  be  the  means  of  attracting  immigration 
and  capital  to  the  State. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

INTRODUCTORY 11 

GENERAL   HISTORY 12 

Utah  prior  to  1847 12 

FIRST  SETTLEMENT 11 

Early  immigration 11 

Settlements  since  1847 

Early  agricultural  development 13-14 

POLITICAL  HISTORY 14 

Organization  of  the  Territory 14 

Early  efforts  for  Statehood 14 

Admission  to  the  Union 14 

UTAH  GENERALLY 14-15 

Geographical  location 14 

Topography 15 

Productiveness  and  future  possibilities  of  the  State 15-16 

IRRIGATION  IN  UTAH 16-17 

The  Mormon  land  system 16-17 

Utah  irrigation  commission 16-17 

DRAINAGE  SYSTEMS 17  to  20 

GEOLOGY  AND  MINING  IN  GENERAL 21-22 

Mining  methods 21 

Capitalization  and  dividends  of  twenty-three  leading  mines 22 

CURIOUS  MINERAL  PRODUCTS 22  to  26 

Silver  sandstone 23 

Asphaltum 23 

Gilsonite 23 

Elaterite 23 

Ozocerite 23 

Chloride  of  gold 24 

Sulphur 24 

Crystal  salt  mines , 24 

Saltpeter 24 

Alum 24 

Gypsum 24 

Petroleum 25 

Clays 25 

Marbles 25 

Onyx 25 

Alabaster 25 

Building  stone 25 

(5) 


6  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

COAL 26  to  28 

Product  of  1900 27 

Anthracite 27 

Salt  Lake's  coal  consumption  and  prevailing  prices. , 28 

SALT 28 

Sales  of  1900 28 

IRON 28-29 

UTAH  MINEEALS,  LIST  OF 29  to  31 

GOLD,  SILVER,  COPPER,  AND  LEAD  MINING 32-33 

Dividends  for  1900 33 

Mineral  product  to  1901 34 

Mineral  product  for  1900 35-36 

THE  MINING  COUNTIES 36 

Summit  County ' 36 

Park  City 36 

Ontario  Mine 36 

Ontario  Drain  Tunnel 36 

Daily  Mine 36 

Daily  West  Mine 36 

Silver  King  Mine 36 

Other  Mines 36 

Juab  County 37 

Geology  of 37-38 

Eureka,  town  of 38 

Centennial  Eureka  Mine 39 

Eureka  Hill  Mine 37 

Bullion-Beck  Mine 37 

Mammoth  Mine 39 

Gemini  Mine 39 

Ajax  Mine 39 

Grand  Central 39 , 

The  Swanseas 39 

Other  Mines 39 

Salt  Lake  County t 39 

Bingham,  town  of 39 

Geology  West  Mountain  District 39-40 

Old  Jordan  and  Galena  Mines 40 

Winnimuck  Mine 40 

Highland  Boy  Commercial 40 

Dalton  and  Lark  Mine 40 

Old  Telegraph  Mine 41 

Alta,  town  of 41 

Emma  Mine 42 

Flagstaff  Mine 42 

MaxfieldMine..  42 


TABLE  OF  CONTEXTS.  7 

The  Mining  Counties — Continued.  Page. 

Tooele  County 42  to  46 

Stockton  and  Ophir,  towns  of 42 

Honorine  Mine 43 

Camp  Floyd  Mining  District 43 

Mercur  Mine 43-14 

Golden  Gate  Mine 43-44 

Mercur  District,  history  of 44-45 

The  cyanide  process 46 

Geology  of  Mercur ....         46 

Ore  bodies,  extent  and  character  of 46 

Percentage  of  values  saved 46 

THE  DEEP  CREEK  COUNTRY 46-47 

Mineral  and  other  resources 46-47 

Wasatch  County 47 

Uintah  County 47-48 

Utah  County 48 

Millard  County 48 

Beaver  County 48 

Horn  Silver  Mine 48 

Piute  County 49 

Marysvale,  town  of 49 

Dalton  Mine 49 

Sevier  Mine 49 

Iron  County 49 

Washington  County 49-50 

Sandstone  Silver  Mines 49-50 

San  Juan  County 50 

AGRICULTURE  AND  FRUIT  GROWING 51-52 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  COUNTIES 52 

Cache  County 52-53 

Logan,  town  of 52 

Box  Elder  County 54 

Brigham  City 54 

Weber  County 55 

Ogden 55-56 

Morgan  County 57 

Morgan,  town  of 57 

Davis  County 57-58 

Farmington,  town  of 58 

Salt  Lake  County '! 58-59 

General  agricultural  resources 58-59 

Utah  County 59-60 

Utah  Lake 60 

Provo,  town  of ...         60 

Lehi,  town  of 60 

Springville,  town  of 60 

Spanish  Fork,  town  of 60 


8  v  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

The  Agricultural  Counties — Continued.  Page. 

San  Pete  County 60-61 

Manti,  town  of 61 

Sevier  County ' 61-62 

Richfield,  town  of 62 

Piute  County 62 

Millard  County 63 

Beaver  County 63-64 

Beaver  City 64 

Iron  County 64-65 

Cedar  City :  64-65 

Little  Salt  Lake 65 

Kane  County 65-66 

Garfield  County 66 

Grand  County 66-67 

Tooele  County 67 

Juab  County 67-68 

Nephi,  town  of 68 

Washington  County 68 

St.  George,  town  of 68 

Wayne  County 69 

Wasatch  County 69 

Heber  City 69 

Emery  County 69 

Castledale 70 

Carbon  County 70 

Rich  County 70 

Beets,  Sugar  71 

LIVE  STOCK,  1900 71-72 

Cattle  and  horses 71 

Sheep  and  wool 72 

Two  INDIAN  RESERVATIONS — Uintah  and  Uncompaghre 72 

MANUFACTORIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 72-77 

Woolen  mills 73 

Sugar  works 74 

Soap  works '. 74 

Boot  and  shoe  manufactories 74 

Clothing  manufactories 74 

Silk  manufactories 74 

Canneries 75 

Electric  power  plants 75 

Teeluride  Power  Transmission  Co 76 

Hercules  Company 76 

Pioneer  Electric  Power  Company 76 

Big  Cotton  wood  Electric  Company 76 

Other  power  companies 76 

Irrigation  companies 76 


TABLE  OF  CONTEXTS.  9 

Page. 

COMMERCE 77-78 

CLIMATE 78-79 

Opinions  of  experts , 78-79 

Tables  of  temperature 79-80  85-86 

Table  of  rainfall 82 

ATTRACTIONS 87 

Great  Salt  Lake 87-88 

Early  history  of 87 

Its  discovery  by  the  pioneers ^  . . . .         87 

Its  supposed  origin 87 

Its  characteristics 87-88 

Effect  upon  climate 88 

Salt  companies 88 

Estimated  value  of  its  contents 88 

Garfield  Beach 88 

Bathing  in  Great  Salt  Lake 88 

Hot  Springs 89 

Utah  Lake 89 

Mountain  resorts 89 

"The  Hot  Pots' ' 89-90 

Fishing  and  hunting 90 

THE  MORMON  QUESTION 90 

THE  SCHOOL  QUESTION 91 

State  University 91 

RELIGIOUS,  SOCIAL  AFFAIRS,  AND  AMUSEMENT 92 

CITIES  AND  TOWNS'  OF  UTAH 93 

Table  of  population  of  leading  towns 93 

SALT  LAKE  CITY 93-95 

DEMAND  FOR  LABOR 95 

BRIEF  INFORMATION.  .  96 


UTAH. 


The  exodus  of  the  followers  of  Joseph  Smith  (then  but  lately  dead  at  the 
hands  of  the  Carthage  mob)  from  their  city  of  Nauvoo,  and  their  sorrowful 
pilgrimage  to  the  Missouri  River,  is  the  preface  to  the  interesting  story  of 
the  first  settlement  of  Utah.  This  was  in  1846,  and  the  weather  was  bitter 
cold.  Crossing  the  Mississippi  upon  the  ice,  with  only  such  property  as  in 
the  haste  of  departure  they  could  secure,  they  moved  on  to  where  Omaha 
now  stands,  and  gave  to  the  spot  the  name  of  Winter  Quarters.  Of  that 
exodus  history  contains  no  perfect  parallel,  but  it  has  been  compared  to  the 
flight  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  from  England  to  the  New  World.  They  rested 
at  Winter  Quarters  until  the  spring  of  1847,  when,  on  the  6th  day  of  April, 
began  the  first  journey  of  the  first  company  to  Utah.  Behind  them  were  all 
the  comforts  and  pleasures  of  civilization;  before  them  was  an  unknown  and 
mysterious  solitude,  a  land  with  slow-flowing  streams,  rushing  torrents,  mas- 
sive mountain  ranges,  illimitabe  prairies  and  dangerous  deserts — the  hunting 
grounds  and  battlefields  of  savage  tribes.  Into  this  they  plunged — the  143 
men,  3  women  and  2  children — under  the  leadership  of  Brigham  Young,  with 
an  abiding  faith  in  the  guiding  hand  of  God.  The  story  of  that  journey  has 
been  told  in  Utah  for  fifty  years,  and  will  be  told  as  was  told  in  Rome  "how 
Horatius  kept  the  bridge  in  the  brave  days  of  old."  The  little  train  of  121 
wagons  crept  along  day  by  day  until  the  plains  were  crossed,  the  mountains 
were  passed  and  the  deserts  were  traversed,  and  until,  on  the  24th  day  of 
July,  the  immortal  company  reached  its  journey's  end  on  the  shores  of  the 
Great  Salt  Lake.  Strange  to  say,  not  one  perished  by  the  wayside.  Before 
the  day  of  their  arrival  was  done  the  foundations  of  the  great  empire  of  the 
West  had  been  laid.  From  that  beginning  unfolded  the  present  civilization 
of  the  trans-Missouri  region.  Over  the  trail  made  by  the  pioneer  train  soon 
followed  other  companies,  and  before  the  close  of  the  year  1847  two  thousand 
people  were  actively  engaged  in  the  reclamation  of  the  Utah  deserts. 

Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  religious  belief  of  the  Mormon  people,  no 
one  well  informed  will  deny  them  the  credit  of  having  first  broken  the  bar- 
riers of  the  Western  wilderness.  They  first  employed  irrigation  to  water  the 
deserts,  and  under  their  unselfish  system  of  using  the  streams  undoubtedly 
more  lands  were  reclaimed  than  would  have  been  reclaimed  by  people  undis- 
ciplined by  religious  creed.  Their  achievements  not  only  in  agriculture,  but 
in  the  general  business  of  empire-building,  are  exemplified  today  all  over  the 
great  State  of  Utah.  The  wonders  they  have  accomplished  within  fifty  years, 
when  we  consider  their  poverty  and  the  odds  with  which  they  contended, 
might  well  have  required  double  the  time.  Their  pioneer  train  was  the  pre- 
liminary survey  of  the  great  Union  Pacific  Railroad;  their  manufactories 
were  the  first  in  the  West  to  utilize  home  raw  material;  their  soldiers  sub- 
'dued  the  savage  tribes  around  them;  their  toilers  built  many  of  the  wagon 
roads  and  railways  that  now  carry  the  commerce  of  their  State;  they  helped 
build  the  first  telegraph  line  into  the  intermountain  country,  and  within  that 
country  they  built  a  system  of  their  own  whereby  communication  was  made 
possible  between  all  their"  settlements;  their  organized  bands  were  sent  to 
redeem  the  desert  valleys,  that  are  now  the  most  productive  portions  of 
Arizona,  Idaho,  Nevada  and  Wyoming.  To  mining  only  did  they  seem  indif- 
ferent, and  perhaps  to  the  so-called  "Gentiles"  is  due  the  credit  of  having 
given  to  Utah  that  most  valuable  industry. 

(11) 


12  UTAH. 

GENERAL      HISTORY. 

Prof.  Marcus  E.  Jones,  an  United  States  Treasury  expert,  lias  this  to  say 
of  the  conditions  and  population  of  Utah  prior  to  the  first  Mormon  settle- 
ment: 

"Its  primitive  inhabitants  doubtless  came  into  it  by  way  of  the  natural 
highways  formed  by  the  great  rivers — the  Columbia  on  the  north  and  the 
•  Colorado  on  the  south — for  Indians  have  small  facilities  for  carrying  water, 
and  therefore  could  not  have  crossed  the  arid  regions  on  the  west.  The 
Indians,  like  their  white  successors,  built  their  wickiups  along  the  streams 
where  the  waters  broke  from  the  mountains  and  flowed  out  on  the  more  level 
valleys  below.  They  had  inhabited  the  land  long  enough  to  spread  over  all 
the  territory  that  had  water  to  supply  them  and  their  animals  with  drink. 
There  was  an  abundance  of  the  most  nutritious  grass  over  plains,  mountains, 
and  deserts;  water  alone  was  lacking  on  the  latter.  Game  was  everywhere 
abundant.  The  large  rivers  and  streams  were  thickly  bordered  with  Indian 
villages  of  the  most  primitive  description,  there  being,  even  at  the  time  of 
the  white  occupancy,  no  attempt  at  even  barbaric  civilization.  The  tribes 
were  various  and  generally  at  war  with  each  other.  Some  commerce  was 
carried  on  with  the  Apache  and  Navajo  Indians  of  the  south,  and  some  with 
the  tribes  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Columbia  River,  but  Utah's  people  were 
more  or  less  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  the  world  by  their  peculiar  surround- 
ings— desert  and  mountain  barriers — and  only  vague  reports  got  to  the  ears  of 
the  outside  world  about  its  rivers  and  great  salt  sea. 

"The  restless  spirit  that  pervaded  the  New  World  at  and  after  its  dis- 
covery led  hundreds  of  fearless  men  to  set  out  into  the  wilderness  to  explore 
its  fastnesses.  The  number  of  these  men  increased  year  by  year  until,  in  less 
than  a  century,  the  borders  of  Utah  were  reached.  It  will  always  remain 
a  mystery  as  to  who  saw  Utah  first,  and  what  white  man  first  beheld  the 
green  waters  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  but  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  those  who  are 
credited  with  being  the  discoverers  were  not  the  first  ones  who  traversed 
the  land  and  saw  the  lake.  The  first  who  have  left  records  of  their  travels 
were  Spaniards.  About  1540  Cardenas  reached  the  banks  of  the  Colorado 
River  in  what  is  now  a  part  of  Utah.  In  1776  Father  Escalante  traveled 
down  the  Dolores  River,  crossed  the  Upper  Colorado,  probably  followed  near 
the  Green  River,  and  struck  one  of  its  tributaries,  the  Duchesne,  following 
it  up  and  crossing  over  to  the  Provo  River  and  down  to  Utah  Lake,  but  he 
never  seems  to  have  seen  the  great  salt  sea  thirty  miles  farther  north,  though 
he  heard  some  strange  tales  about  it.  Undoubtedly  both  before  and  after 
Escalante's  time,  many  trappers  and  hunters  traversed  Utah  and  saw  all  its 
wonders,  but  the  first  records  that  we  have  say  that  in  1824-25  Capt.  James 
Bridger,  with  several  other  men,  came  near  the  lake,  and  Bridger  first  saw 
and  tasted  its  waters.  In  1826  four  trappers  explored  the  lake.  From  that 
time  forth  many  people  visited  Utah  on  their  way  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  In 
1832  Bonneville  came  near,  if  he  did  not  visit  the  lake.  He  published  a  map 
of  the  lake,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  name  the  lake  after  him,  but  it 
failed,  justly.  *********** 

"Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  visited  the  lake  in  1843,  and  on  his  return  pub- 
lished a  very  truthful  and  interesting  account  of  it  and  the  present  settled 
portion  of  Utah.  Brigham  Young  read  this  some  time  after  it  was  published, 
and  as  his  people  weye  being  hard  pressed  by  those  of  the  States,  he  decided 
to  remove  to  a  region  out  of  their  reach,  where  he  could  build  up  a  theocracy 
according  to  his  own  ideas." 

EARLY    DEVELOPMENT. 

Utah  was  settled  by  a  systematic  process  and  for  the  definite  purpose  of 
building  up,  far  from  the  prejudiced  East,  a  State  after  the  model  of  Brigham 


UTAH.  13 

Young.  It  was  intended  to  be  the  headquarters  of  the  Mormon  Church  and 
the  home  place  for  the  oldest  as  well  as  the  newest  converts  to  that  faith. 

As  soon  as  the  first  settlers  were  certain  of  their  ability  to  maintain 
themselves  in  their  new  home,  they  began  systematically  to  induce  immigra- 
tion from  among  those  of  their  religious  belief.  Emigration  societies  were 
organized,  the  Perpetual  Emigration  Fund  was  established,  and  mission- 
aries were  sent  into  every  part  of  the  civilized  world.  The  work  thus  done 
produced  early  results,  and  a  steady  stream  of  Mormons  poured  into  Utah. 

To  this  systematic  work  the  State  is  indebted  for  a  great  part  of  its 
present  population,  which  by  the  census  of  1900  is  fixed  at  276,749,  a  gain  of 
68,844,  or  33  1-10  per  cent,  over  the  population  of  1890.  At  the  close  of 
1848  there  had  arrived  in  the  Territory  2,090  people,  649  wagons,  164  horses, 
2,468  oxen,  993  cows,  358  sheep,  37  hogs  and  716  chickens,  and  the  work  of 
redeeming  the  desert  was  fairly  under  way.  The  Perpetual  Emigration  Fund 
was  a  strong  factor  in  the  settlement  of  the  Territory.  From  this  fund  ad- 
vances against  their  future  earnings  were  made  to  those  unable  to  bear  the 
expense  of  the  journey  to  Utah.  Immigrants  with  some  money  paid  it  into 
the  fund,  and  later,  from  their  earnings,  made  good  the  difference  between 
their  credit  and  the  cost  of  the  journey. 

The  effect  of  the  work  of  inducing  immigration  by  these  and  other 
methods  is  well  illustrated  in  the  census  reports  of  the  United  States,  which 
show  that  less  than  three  years  after  the  arrival  of  the  pioneers  the  Terri- 
tory had  a  population  of  11,380.  This  number  had  increased  in  1860  to 
40,273;  in  1870,  to  86,786;  in  1880,  to  143,963;  in  1890,  to  207,905,  and  in 
1900  to  276,749.  Prior  to  1870  practically  all  of  the  immagrants  were  of  the 
Mormon  faith,  but  the  mining  interest,  which  began  actively  to  develop 
that  year,  and  which  has  continued  unabated  unto  this  day,  and  the  de- 
velopment of  railroad  and  other  enterprises  since  1870,  are  responsible  for  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  increase  in  population  since  that  time. 

The  advantage  of  systematic  over  desultory  methods  is  strikingly  illus- 
trated in  the  history  of  Utah's  growh.  The  prophet  Brigham  Young,  what- 
ever else  he  was,  was  a  wise  and  able  leader.  He  was  looked  upon  by  his 
folowers  as  an  Angel  of  Light,  and  was  believed  by  them  to  be  under  divine 
guidance.  He  was  especially  equipped  to  command  men  and  dictate  meas- 
ures, and,  in  the  language  of  a  well-known  historian,  was: 

"A  practical  and  far-seeing  man,  one  who,  by  his  will,  ability  and  intui- 
tive knowledge  of  human  nature,  was  fitted  to  combat  the  difficulties  that 
beset  each  step  in  his  path  of  life,  and  to  give  cohesion  to  the  heterogeneous 
elements  of  which  his  people  were  composed. 

From  the  greatest  details  connected  with  the  organization  of  this  church 
(the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints)  down  to  the  smallest 
minutiae  connected  with  the  work,  he  has  left  upon  it  the  impress  of  his  great 
mind." 

The  prophet  proceeded  with  deliberation  and  ability  to  bring  about  the 
speedy  settlement  of  Utah.  This  he  did,  not  only  by  sending  missionaries 
throughout  this  and  other  lands  in  search  of  converts  to  his  faith,  but  by 
continually  enlarging  the  circle  of  settlement.  Whenever  a  new  band  of 
converts  arrived  in  Utah  he  located  them  upon  desert  lands,  and  charged 
them  with  the  task  of  their  reclamation.  In  this  way  the  land  was  rapidly 
possessed,  and  settlement  spread  out  farther  and  farther  from  the  "Central 
Stake  of  Zion."  The  march  of  agricultural  development  is,  perhaps,  best 
told  in  the  following  language  t)f  Professor  Jones: 

"When  all  the  good  land  was  taken  up  around  Salt  Lake  City,  settlements 
sprung  up  along  the  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  both  north  and  south. 
In  1847  one  place  had  been  occupied  some  miles  north  of  Salt  Lake  City. 
In  1848  the  population  streamed  northward  as  far  as  forty  miles,  Farming- 
ton,  Centerville,  Bountiful  and  Ogden  being  settled,  while  the  tide  began  to 
set  in  southward  by  the  settlement  of  Mill  Creek,  some  ten  miles  from  the 


14  UTAH. 

city.  The  next  year  Brigham  Young  began  his  'missions'  by  sending  out 
a  party  to  San  Pete  Valley,  100  miles  south;  to  Tooele  Valley,  thirty  miles 
west,  and  to  Provo,  in  Utah  Valley.  In  1850  most  of  the  immigrants 
swarmed  into  Utah  Valley,  thirty  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  founded 
Alpine,  American  Fork,  Pleasant  Grove  and  Springville.  In  1851  the  ham- 
lets began  to  go  northward  from  Ogden.  Brigham  Young  still  kept  making 
new  'missions'  by  the  founding  of  Parowan,  Cedar  and  Paragonah,  150 
miles  south,  along  the  western  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  near  the 
great  iron  and  coal  deposits,  which  at  that  time  were  unknown.  In  1852 
the  towns  had  extended  as  far  south  as  the  rim  of  the  Great  Basin,  a  dis- 
tance of  200  miles  or  more,  while  all  the  places  already  located  expanded  by 
the  addition  of  neighboring  towns.  From  1853  to  1856  most  of  the  locations 
were  along  the  Weber,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Wasatch,  directly  east  of  Salt 
Lake  City,  in  Cache  County,  in  Northern  Utah;  along  the  west  side  of  the 
Wasatch  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory,  beyond  the  rim  of  the 
Great  Basin  at  Saint  George  and  vicinity,  where  our  best  raisins,  nuts 
cotton,  etc.,  are  raised  now.  The  best  of  the  land  having  now  been  taken, 
it  became  necessary  to  go  into  the  colder  and  more  mountainous  regions, 
and  to  take  up  the  poorer  clay  lands  of  the  valleys.  The  population  had 
now  (1870)  reached  86,786,  of  which  one-third  were  foreigners.  The  year 
1869  was  the  year  of  the  completion  of  the  Union  Pacific  Kailroad.  A  great 
influx  of  Eastern  people  now  began.  Mines  were  opened  at  the  same  time, 
and  the  industrial  development  of  Utah  may  be  said  to  have  started." 

Thus  was  settled  Utah  during  the  wagon-train  period  of  her  existence. 
The  history  of  this  settlement  has  been  repeating  itself  ever  since. 


POLITICAL    HISTORY. 

In  1849  an  attempt  was  made  to  organize  the  State  of  Deseret,  but  Con- 
gress refused  to  recognize  the  proposed  sovereignty.  On  September  9,  1850, 
Utah  was  organized  as  a  Territory,  and  Brigham  Young  was  appointed  Gov- 
ernor. The  history  of  the  Territory  is  punctuated  by  many  atempts  on  the 
part  of  the  people  to  secure  statehood.  From  time  to  time  constitutional 
conventions  were  held  and  many  appplications  made  to  Congress  for  admis- 
sion, but  the  efforts  of  the  people  in  this  direction  were  fruitless  until  1895, 
when,  acting  upon  the  almost  unanimous  demand  of  Gentiles  and  Mormons, 
Congress  passed  the  Enabling  Act,  under  which  the  State  was  admittted  to 
the  Union  on  January  4,  1896. 


UTAH    GENERALLY. 

Utah  occupies  an  important  position  in  the  trans-Mississippi  group  of 
States.  It  is  situated  between  the  parallels  of  37  and  42  degrees  north  lati- 
tude, and  the  meridians  of  109  and  114  degrees  west  of  Greenwich.  On  the 
same  parallels  are  Colorado,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Southern  Illinois,  Kentucky, 
Virginia,  Spain,  Italy,  Greece,  Turkey  and  Corea.  The  State  adjoins  Colo- 
rado, Nevada,  Arizona  and  Idaho.  It  is  275  miles  in  width  and  345  miles  in 
length.  Its  total  area  is  84,970  square  miles;  its  land  area  is  82,190  square 
miles  (52,601,600  acres);  its  water  area  is  2,780  square  miles  (1,779,200  acres). 

Its  valleys  are  elevated  from  2,700  to  7,000,  feet  above  the  sea.  Some  of 
its  mountain  peaks  reach  a  height  of  from  12,000  to  13,500  feet.  The 
Wasatch  Mountains  sweep  down  its  center,  and  Uintah's  cross  its  upper 
half.  It  is  a  region  of  snow-clad  mountains  and  broad,  beautiful  valleys. 
Many  streams  flow  from  the  elevations  and  meander  through  the  vales.  Its 
largest  body  of  water  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  covering  an  area  of  about 
2,500  square  miles.  This  is  a  far-famed  feature  of  its  topography;  but  it  has 


UTAH.  ]5 

a  number  of  fresh-water  lakes  of  considerable  size,  the  largest  being  Utah 
Lake,  with  a  surface  area  of  125  square  miles. 

Within  the  lines  of  the  State  there  exists  a  remarkable  diversity  of  coun- 
try, containing  many  unique  features,  some  of  which  have  given  it  world- 
wide fame,  such  as  the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado  and  other  wild  scenery 
in  the  southern  portion. 

Extending  from  Idaho  to  Arizona,  southeasterly  through  the  State,  is  a 
chain  of  fertile  valleys,  some  of  which  are  twenty  miles  wide.  These  valleys 
differ  in  altitude — each  growing  the  products  of  field  and  orchard  to  which 
the  climatic  conditions  are  most  favorable.  The  most  northern  in  this  chain 
is  Cache  Valley,  having  an  altitude  of  4,400  feet,  and  a  population  of  about 
18,500.  Here  are  raised  the  hardier  fruits,  grains  and  vegetables.  In  all  of 
Utah  is  not  found  so  beautiful  a  pastoral  scene  as  that  presented  to  the  be- 
holder who  looks  down  upon  the  Cache  Valley  from  the  temple  top  at  Logan. 
The  little  Mormon  farms,  some  green,  some  golden,  and  all  dotted  with  cozy 
houses  and  ample  barns,  lie  side  by  side  as  regular  as  the  squares  on  a  checker 
board.  Streams,  natural  and  artificial,  lined  here  and  there  with  rows  of 
stately  poplars,  bound  the  farms.  The  whole  scene  is  one  of  contentment.  It 
covers  600  square  miles,  and,  framed  with  the  snowy  summits  of  the 
Wasatch,  is  among  the  prize  spectacles  of  Utah.  The  southern  valley  in  the 
chain  is  the  Rio  Virgin  in  Washington  County,  where  the  land  is  exceedingly 
productive,  and  where  there  are  twenty  or  more  settlements  having  a  pop- 
ulation in  the  aggregate  of  from  6,000  to  7,000.  This  portion  of  the  State  is 
semi-tropical,  and  its  soil  and  climate  adapt  it  to  production  of  not  only  many 
of  the  hardier  fruits,  but  "of  nectarines,  almonds,  figs,  grapes  and  pome- 
granates. Flowers  bloom  in  this  valley  in  December,  and  cotton  is  exten- 
sively grown.  Outdoor  gardening  begins  there  in  the  latter  part  of  January, 
and  snow  and  frost  are  almost  unknown.  Washington  County  is  the  South- 
ern California  of  Utah,  and  St.  George,  its  capital,  is  certain  to  become  a 
famous  winter  resort.  Between  these  extremes  of  the  chain  are  situated 
many  valleys  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  These  different  portions  of 
the  State  will  be  more  extensively  discussed  in  connection  with  the  subject 
of  agriculture. 

The  eastern  half  of  the  State  is  drained  into  the  Colorado.  The  mountain 
ranges  usually  run  north  and  south,  and  nearly  all  of  them  contain  zones  of 
precious  metals.  Probably  no  other  State  in  the  Union  has  within  its  borders 
such  a  variety  of  resources.  No  other  State  could  be  so  nearly  independent 
and  self-supporting.  If  intercourse  with  the  outside  world  were  totally  cut 
off  there  are  very  few  of  the  necessaries  or  luxuries  that  could  not  be  pro- 
duced in  abundance  within  the  boundaries  of  Utah.  It  is  an  empire  within 
itself.  This  fact  will  be  easily  realized  by  a  study  of  the  endless  varieties  of 
products  it  annually  yields.  Although  but  half  a  century  has  been  devoted 
to  its  development,  the  extraordinary  scope  of  its  possibilities  in  mining,  agri- 
culture, ranch  and  range  production  and  internal  commerce,  already  estab- 
lished, proves  beyond  question  that  the  State  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the 
greatest  commonwealths  in  the  West,  and  that  even  now  much  of  what  is 
imported  into  the  State  might  easily  be  produced  at  home  should  it  become 
necessary. 

Almost  every  variety  of  climate,  which  is  generally  salubrious  and  agree- 
able, can  be  found  in  Utah.  There  are  valleys  for  the  farmer,  the  gardener 
and  the  fruit-grower;  low  mountain  land,  slopes  and  terraces  for  the  sheep- 
raiser;  mountains  for  the  miner;  scenery,  hunting,  fishing  and  bathing  for  the 
pleasure-seeker;  hot  springs  and  pure  air  for  the  invalid,  and  plenty  of  oppor- 
tunity and  occupation  for  men  of  business  and  enterprise. 


16  UTAH. 

IRRIGATION. 

Water  has  been  a  potent  factor  in  the  redemption  of  Utah  from,  desert 
desolation.  Here  irrigation  was  first  begun  in  the  United  States  by  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race.  On  the  very  day  of  the  arrival  of  .the  first  band  of  pioneers 
in  the  Salt  Lake  Valley  (July  24,  1847)  work  began  on  the  first  irrigation 
canal  ever  built  in  the  nation,  and  then  and  there  was  commenced  the  de- 
velopment of  an  irrigation  system  borrowed  by  the  pioneers  from  Spain  and 
Egypt,  which  has  grown  into  what  is  said  to  be  the  most  perfect  of  any  in 
the  world  outside  of  Spain.  This  system  has  been  modeled  after  by  all  the 
surrounding  States  and  Territories,  and  under  its  influence  Utah  has  reached 
a  high  state  of  cultivation. 

Fear  of  drought  does  not  oppress  the  Utah  farmer.  He  has  no  need  to  scan 
the  sky  for  signs  of  rain,  for  he  knows  that  in  the  arms  of  the  mountains  are 
held  the  snows,  the  waters  of  which  will  melt  and  descend  to  his  lands  ready 
to  be  given  to  the  thirsty  crops  at  just  the  right  periods  in  their  progress  to 
insure  not  only  their  sturdy  growth,  but  their  perfect  development.  The  life 
of  the  farmer  is  said  to  be  an  independent  one.  If  this  is  true  of  the  Eastern 
farmer,  whose  success  is  dependent  upon  rainfall,  it  is  doubly  true  of  his  Utah, 
brother,  who  may  water  hjs  crops  whenever  and  to  whatever  extent  he  desires. 
Under  irrigation  lands  are  more  productive,  and  they  retain  their  fertility  per- 
petually because  of  fertilizers  which  are  constantly  brought  to  them  by  the 
irrigation  waters.  It  can  be  demonstrated  that  ten  acres  of  irrigated  Utah 
land  will  produce  more  income  during  a  period  of  years  than  five  times  the 
same  area  in  portions  of  the  country  dependent  entirely  upon  rain  for 
moisture. 

In  the  earlier  stages  of  Utah's  development  irrigation  systems  were  put 
in  by  the  co-operation  of  the  people,  but  during  later  years  incorporated 
companies  have  undertaken  the  construction  of  extensive  systems,  which 
have  reclaimed  or  will  reclaim  immense  areas  of  arid  lands.  These  com- 
panies own  great  tracts  tributary  to  their  canals,  and  offer  land  for  sale  in 
small  parcels  at  low  rates  and  upon  easy  terms.  To  the  Mormon  Land  Sys- 
tem much  of  the  success  which  has  attended  the  Utah  farmer  is  due.  Under 
this  system  the  holdings  are  small,  five  acres  being  not  an  uncommon-sized 
farm,  and  forty  acres  being  considered  an  extensive  holding.  Thus,  the 
agricultural  area  of  Utah  is  made  to  support  a  large  population,  and  the  indi- 
vidual owner  is  not  possessed  of  more  land  than  he  can  successfully  irrigate 
and  cultivate. 

In  the  report  of  the  Special  Committee  of  the  United  States  Senate  on  the 
irrigation  and  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  published  by  the  Government  in 
1890,  the  following  interesting  statements  are  made: 

"The  conditions  surrounding  irrigation  in  Utah  deserve  the  most  careful 
review.  They  differ  in  many  respects  from  other  sections  of  the  arid  region. 
This  difference  begins  with  the  physical  features,  and  runs  into  all  the  social 
and  economic  aspects  also.  The  industrious  people  who 

have  held  this  Territory  since  early  in  the  '50s  have  made  available  in  de- 
tached portions  of  Utah  a  considerable  area  of  arable  lands,  by  the  careful 
use  of  every  spring,  pool,  creek  or  mountain  stream  that  can,  by  simple 
means,  be  coaxed  down  to  the  valleys  and  plains  below.  *  *  *  * 

"There  are  about  800,000  acres  under  cultivation  in  Utah,  a  considerable 
area  being  benefited  by  natural  sub-irrigation.  An  estimate  of  200,000  acres 
more  will  cover  all  that  can  be  cultivated  by  the  present  ditches,  and  3,500,- 
000  acres  is  the  outside  estimate  given  in  the  evidence  of  the  amount  reclaim- 
able  under  reservoirs  proposed  by  witnesses  and  in  country  reports. 

"Irrigation  has  prevailed  in  Utah  for  nearly  forty  years.  Not  one-fifth 
of  the  present  population  could  be  sustained  without  it  upon  the  soil  of  the 
Territory.  As  it  is,  Utah  feeds  not  only  its  own  population,  but  has  a  consid- 
erable surplus  for  sale  to  others.  *  *  *  It  will  be  seen  that  Utah 


UTAH.  17 

supports  a  considerable  farming  population — more,  perhaps,  per  acre  than 
elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  *.  *  The  largest  farm 

reported  to  the  committee  had  but  200  acres  in  it.  The  average  Utah 
farm  is  about  tweny-five  acres.  Very  few  Utah  farms  are  under  mort- 
gage. The  average  length  of  the  ditches  does  not  exceed  three  miles. 
*  *  *  One  cubic  foot  of  water  has  supplied,  during  the  past  year, 
about  seventy-five  acres  of  land.  The  cost  of  water  is  less  per  acre  to  the 
Utah  farmer  than  elsewhere  in  the  arid  region,  ranging  as  it  does  from  25 
cents  to  60  cents  per  acre.  In  a  few  instances  only  it  will  cost  $3  per  acre, 
but  it  seldom  reaches  even  $1.  *  *  *  Nearly  every  mile  of  canal 
or  ditch  in  the  Territory  has  been  constructed  by  combined  and  neighborhood 
effort.  In  actual  cash  these  ditches  have  cost  not  to  exceed  $2.50  per  acre; 
counted  as  paid  in  labor,  however,  the  cost  has  been  about  $4  per  acre. 
That  will  make  a  nominal  cost  for  650,000  acres,  $2,600,000;  the  actual  or 
cash  cost  may  be  put  down  at  $1,625,000.  There  has  never  been  a  lawsuit 
over  water  rights." 

The  following  statistics  are  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Utah  Irrigation 
Commission,  published  in  1895: 

The  total  acreage  of  irrigable  land  in  Utah,  outside  of  present 

(Indian)  Reservations 2,304,000 

The  total  acreage  of  irrigable  land  in  Utah,  inside  of  present 

(Indian)  Reservations 1,350,000 


3,654,000 

The  total  acreage  covered  by  present  ditches  is 1,035,226 

The  total  additional  acreage  susceptible  to  irrigation  and,  for 

which  water  can  be  had  is 2,518,774 

Number  of  acres  entered  under  all  U.  S.  laws 2,542,836 

Estimated  number  of  acres  of  surface  land  still  subject  to  entry 

under  the  public  land  laws 6,919,840 

Estimated  number  of  acres,  unsurveyed,  subject  to  entry 26,882,853 

In  the  same  report  Mr.  C.  L.  Stevenson,  an  irrigation  engineer  of  Utah, 
estimates  the  average  present  value  of  the  irrigated  lands  of  the  State  at 
$84.25  per  acre. 

Instances  innumerable  might  be  given  where  competences  and  fortunes  of 
considerable  magnitude  have  been  made  by  the  Utah  farmer,  but  space  in 
this  account  will  not  permit  fuller  discussion.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  there 
are  no  more  prosperous  farmers  in  the  United  States  than  those  of  Utah,  and 
that  crop  failures,  droughts,  devastations  by  insects  and  the  other  calamities 
which  come  to  the  farmer  in  different  portions  of  the  country  are  not  enumer- 
ated in  the  Utah  farmer's  category  of  ills. 

The  following  discussion  of  the 

DRAINAGE    SYSTEMS 

of  Utah,  condensed  from  the  Government  publication  (1879)  on  "The  Lands 
of  the  Arid  Region,"  by  Major  Powell,  will  acquaint  the  reader  with  the 
number  and  flow  of  Utah's  principal  streams,  and  give  him  some  further 
information  in  relation  to  irrigation  to  Utah: 

"The  eastern  part  of  the  Territory  is  drained  by  the  Rio  Colorado  and  its 
tributaries;  the  western  part  by  streams  that  head  in  the  Wasatch  and  the 
high  plateaus  of  the  central  part,  and  find  their  way  into  the  salinas  and 
desert  sands  of  the  Great  Basin.  Thus  we  have  thp  Rio  Colorado  drainage 
area  and  the  desert  drainage  area;  the  former  about  two-fifths,  the  latter 
about  three-fifths  of  the  total  area.  The  Rio  Colorado  drainage  area  is  sub- 
divided into  the  Uintah-White  Basin,  with  280,320  acres  of  irrigable  land, 
and  tie  Canon  Land,  with  213,440  acres.  The  desert  drainage  area  is  sub- 
divided into  the  Sevier  Lake  District,  with  101,700  acres  of  irrigable  land, 
and  the  Great  Salt  Lake  District,  with  837,660  acres.* 


*NOTK— Further  investigation  indicates  that  the  irrigable  land  was  at  that  time 
considerably  underestimated. 


18  UTAH. 

"GREAT  SALT  LAKE  DRAINAGE  SYSTEM.— Three  rivers  enter  Great  Salt 
Lake,  namely,  the  Bear,  the  Weber  and  the  Jordan,  'and  upon  their  water,' 
says  Mr.  C.  K.  Gilbert  of  the  Geological  Survey,  'will  ultimately  depend 
the  major  part  of  the  agriculture  of  Utah.'  They  rise  close  together  in  the 
western  end  of  the  Uintah  Mountains,  and  cut  through  the  Wasatch.  Bear 
River  flows  northward,  now  in  Utah,  now  in  Wyoming,  and  into  Idaho  as 
far  as  Soda  Springs.  Here  it  bends  round  like  a  fish-hook,  and  returns  on 
a  more  westerly  line.  Re-entering  Utah  in  Cache  Valley,  it  passes  thence  by 
a  short  canon  to  its  delta-plain  on  the  northeastern  border  of  Great  Salt 
Lake.  Its  principal  tributaries  are  received  in  Idaho  and  Cache  Valley. 

"Cache  Valley,  in  Utah  and  Idaho,  contains  upward  of  400  square  miles 
of  irrigable  land.  The  left  bank  (of  the  Bear)  is  served  by  Logan  River  and 
tributaries;  the  right  bank  by  a  canal  (not  yet  constructed)  entirely  in  Idaho. 
The  expense  of  the  latter  will  be  great,  but  well  warranted.  The  valley  is 
higher  and  somewhat  colder  than  the  Salt  Lake  Valley,  but  the  soil  is  good, 
and  the  climate  admits  of  the  growth  of  wheat,  oats,  corn,  rye,  apples,  pears, 
cherries,  apricots,  plums,  peaches,  etc.  The  valley  is  about  ten  miles  in  width 
by  fifty  miles  in  length,  dish-like  in  shape,  walled  in  by  mountains,  but 
pretty  well  farmed  all  around  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains.  It  sustains  nearly 
a  score  of  flourishing  towns. 

"The  mean  annual  flow  of  Bear  River,  where  it  enters  Salt  Lake  Valley, 
is  about  5,000  cubic  feet  per  second.  Its  delta-plain  contains  about  220  square 
miles  of  unsurpassable  soil,  upon  which  the  Bear  River  Canal  Company  has 
diverted  2,000  second-cubic  feet  of  water  through  upward  of  100  miles  of 
canals,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $3,000,000.  The  soil  is  rich  and  ideally  adapted 
to  irrigation,  having  a  gentle  fall,  being  smooth  as  a  floor  and  well  and 
deeply  drained  by  the  Bear  and  Malad  rivers. 

"As  if  to  forever  bar  a  water  famine  in  Salt  Lake  Valley,  nature  has  pro- 
vided a  natural  reservoir  in  Bear  Lake,  situated  near  Bear  River,  and  con- 
nected with  the  river  by  a  narrow  outlet  high  up  in  the  mountains.  The 
lake  has  an  area  of  150  square  miles,  and  can  be  raised  ten  feet  by.  a  dam 
thrown  across  the  outlet  at  slight  expense.  Thus  enough  water  can  be  stored 
during  three-fourths  of  the  year  to  flow  5,000  feet  per  second  during  the 
other  fourth  of  the  year.  Bear  River  itself  can  be  turned  into  the  lake  by  a 
short  canal  and  upon  its  upper  tributaries,  on  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Uintah  Range,  there  are  many  glacial  lakes  which  can  be  made  use  of  for  im- 
pounding water. 

"The  Weber  River  runs  in  a  general  northwesterly  course  from  the 
Uintah  Mountains  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  entering  the  latter  at  the  middle  of  its 
eastern  shore.  The  Ogden  is  its  only  important  tributary.  Its  delta-plain 
comprises  about  220  square  miles  of  farming  land.  If  the  river  prove  in- 
competent to  water  its  delta-plain,  the  Bear  at  the  north  and  the  Jordan  at 
the  south  have  each  a  great  volume  of  surplus  water,  and  either  supply  can 
be  led  without  difficulty  to  the  lower  levels  of  the  delta  of  the  Weber.  Be- 
sides the  delta  of  the  Weber,  there  are  forty  to  fifty  square  miles  of  irrigable 
land  on  the  Weber  and  the  Ogden  rivers  within  the  mountains. 

"The  Jordan  River  is  the  outlet  of  Utah  Lake,  and  runs  northward,  enter- 
ing Great  Salt  Lake  at  its  southeastern  angle.  On  the  right  it  receives  a 
number  of  large  tributaries  from  the  Wasatch.  The  largest  tributary  of  Utah 
Lake  is  Provo  River,  which  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Weber  and  the  Bear 
in  the  Uintah  Mountains.  Minor  tributaries  of  Utah  Lake  are  American 
Fork,  Spanish  Fork,  Hofible  Creek,  Payson  Creek,  Salt  Creek,  etc.  On  all 
the  tributaries  of  Utah  Lake  there  are  about  320  square  miles  of  irrigable 
land;  and  in  Jordan  Valley,  below  Utah  Lake,  inclusive  of  Bountiful  and 
Centerville,  there  are  about  250  square  miles.  In  addition,  the  water  can  be 
carried  around  the  point  of  the  Oquirrh  Range  on  the  southern  shore  of  Great 
Salt  Lake,  and  be  used  to  water  fifty  square  miles  in  Tooele  Valley. 


UTAH.  19 

"Utah.  Lake  is  a  natural  reservoir,  125  square  mile  in  surface  area.  With 
suitable  headworks  its  volume  can  be  controlled,  and  the  entire  discharge  be 
concentrated  in  the  season  of  irrigation.  The  mean  volume  of  the  outlet  is 
about  1,000  second-cubic  feet,  but  one-fourth  of  this  must  be  assigned  to 
watering  lands  on  the  tributaries  of  the  lake  and  to  evaporation,  leaving  a 
perennial  flow  of  750  second-cubic  feet,  which,  if  concentrated  into  four 
months,  would  irrigate  for  that  period  350  square  miles. 

"There  is  thus  water  enough  forever  assured  to  irrigate  every  acre  of  the 
eastern  border  of  Great  Salt  Lake  Basin,  from  Nephi  on  the  south,  to  Bear 
River  Canon  on  the  north,  a  distance,  as  traveled,  of  about  180  miles.  This 
fringe  of  the  desert,  between  the  Wasatch  and  Great  Salt  Lake  and  be- 
tween the  Wasatch  and  Utah  Lake,  is,  in  location,  resources,  climate,  fer- 
tility, potentially  the  glory  of  the  earth.  It  is  easily  the  garden  spot  of 
Utah.  It  supports  more  than  thirty  settlements  or  towns,  and  more  than 
half  the  population  of  Utah.  Every  acre  of  the  land  is  intrinsically  worth 
$100,  although  it  ranges  in  price  all  the  way  from  $5  to  $225  per  acre.  The 
average,  away  from  the  suburbs  of  larger  towns,  is  perhaps  $50  an  acre. 
Altogether,  about  10,000  second-cubic  feet  of  water  perennially  flows  into 
Great  Salt  Lake. 

"Westward  of  Great  Salt  Lake  there  are  sixty  small  tracts  of  land  blest 
with  water.  On  the  east  of  the  lake  the  rivers  carry  the  melting  snows  of 
the  elevated  zone  to  the  valleys,  and  fertility  is  the  result.  West  and  north 
of  the  lake  the  mountains  are  too  insignificant  to  store  up  snow-banks  until 
the  time  of  need.  These  streams  are  spent  before  the  summer  comes,  and 
only  a  few  springs  are  perennial.  The  result  is  a  desert,  with  little  oases  a 
day's  journey  apart. 

"SEVIEE  LAKE  DKAINAGE  BASIN.— According  to  the  accomplished  geol- 
ogists of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  which  this  sketch  follows,  the 
Wasatch  ends  with  Mount  Nebo,  which  overhangs  Nephi.  The  elevated 
lands  southward  these  gentlemen  term  the  High  Plateaus,  divided  by  great 
longitudinal  faults  into  three  ranges,  each  made  up  of  different  members, 
as  the  San  Pete,  the  Pahvant,  the  Tushar  and  the  Markagunt,  facing  the 
Great  Basin;  the  Sevier  and  Paunsagunt  between  Sevier  and  Grass  val- 
leys; and  the  Wasatch,  the  Fish  Lake, -the  Awapa  and  the  Aquarius,  east  of 
Grass  Valley.  The  Pahvant  and  the  Tushar,  says  Captain  Dutton,  present 
a  curious  admixture  of  plateau  and  sierra,  but  the  others  are  true  tables, 
made  and  kept  so  by  the  lavas  which  cap  them  and  successfully  resist  erosion. 

"The  Wasatch  Plateau  is  east  of  San  Pete  Valley,  above  which  it  rises  a 
full  mile.  Sanpitch  River,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Sevier,  furnishes  water, 
and  the  oats  and  wheat  grow  higher  than  the  fences.  There  is  coal  in  the 
valley,  fine  building  and  flagging  stone,  a  score  of  towns  and  settlements, 
and  50,000  to  100,000  acres  of  irrigable  land.  The  Sanpitch  empties  into  the 
Sevier  at  Gunnison,  the  latter  coming  down  from  the  south,  the  former  rising 
about  Mount  Nebo  and  flowing  southward. 

"From  Gunnison  to  Monroe,  Sevier  Valley  is  about  five  miles  wide  by 
sixty  miles  long,  and  sustains  a  dozen  settlements.  The  river  canons  above 
Monroe,  and  just  above  this  canon  tower  the  rugged  peaks  and  domes  of  the 
Tushar  (Beaver  Range),  upon  whose  shaggy  slopes,  descending  to  the  Sevier, 
is  the  mining  district  of  Marysvale,  just  now  rousing  itself,  or  being  roused, 
from  a  Rip  Van  Winkle  sleep  of  twenty  years. 

"Twenty  miles  above  Marysvale  is  Circle  Valley,  where  the  East  Fork 
joins  the  South  Fork  through  a  mighty  chasm,  cutting  the  Sevier  Plateau  in 
two.  The  mural  walls  of  the  opposing  plateaus  rise  she'er  above  Circle  Valley 
4,000  to  5,000  feet.  From  this  junction  the  two  forks  continue  on  through 
canons  and  valleys,  ascending  higher  and  higher  the  best  part  of  a  hundred 
miles  to  the  springs  of  the  basalt  fields  which  divide  the  drainage  of  Sevier 
Lake  from  that  of  the  Rio  Colorado.  There  are  valleys  up  there,  says  Captain 
Dutton,  7,000  to  9,000  feet  high,  with  the  palisades  of  the  plateaus  rising  half 


20  UTAH. 

a  mile  higher,  and  on  the  great  mesas  forests  of  straight,  slender  pines  ancl 
spruces  a  hundred  feet  to  a  limb  and  standing  so  thick  as  to  be  almost  im- 
penetrable. 

"Just  below  Juab  the  Sevier  River  breaks  through  the  Pahvant  as  though 
the  latter  were  a  fog-bank,  runs  far  out  on  the  desert  and  sinks  in  what  is 
called  Sevier  Lake.  Without  storage,  for  which  Captain  Dutton  says  the 
High  Plateaus  offer  extraordinary  facilities,  the  Sevier  and  the  Sanpitch 
rivers  water  less  than  100,000  acres.  With  storage,  if  there  is  sufficient  water 
to  be  stored,  a  thousand  square  miles  of  land  might  be  reclaimed  from  the 
desert  on  the  course  of  the  Sevier  River. 

"Probably  a  hundred  square  miles  are  served  by  the  small  streams  of 
Southwestern  Utah,  as  at  Levan,  Scipio,  Holden,  Fillmore,  Oak  City, 
Kanosh,  Beaver,  Minersville,  Paragoonah,  Parowan,  Cedar  City,  Pinto, 
Hebron,  etc.  In  this  region  the  water  is  inadequate  to  supply  the  arable 
land,  but  it  can  be  largely  increased  by  storage  without  doubt. 

"COLORADO  RIVER  DRAINAGE. — Of  the  Rio  Colorado  drainage  system, 
the  main  channel  is  the  river  Colorado  and  its  proper  continuation,  the 
Green  River.  The  principal  tributaries  of  these  streams  from  the  east  are 
the  White,  the  Grand  and  the  San  Juan,  the  White  entering  the  Green,  the 
Grand  uniting  with  the  Green  to  form  the  Colorado,  and  the  San  Juan  enter- 
ing the  latter  about  125  miles  below  the  confluence  of  the  Grand  and  the 
Green.  The  tributaries  from  the  west  are  the  Virgin,  the  Kanah,  the  Paari, 
the  Escalante,  the  Fremont,  the  San  Rafael,  the  Price,  the  Minnie  Maud, 
the  Uintah  and  the  Ashley  Fork. 

"The  climate  is  extremely  arid,  the  elevation  between  2,500  and  11,500 
feet,  giving  great  range  in  temperature.  The  limit  of  successful  (hay)  farm- 
ing is  about  7,000  feet.  Aside  from  the  Uintah-White  Basin,  which  contains 
more  than  half  of  the  irrigable  land  of  the  entire  district,  and  which  is  an 
Indian  Reserve,  the  lands  are  generally  on  benches  or  terraces,  or  in  restricted 
valleys  between  the  higher  courses  of  the  streams  and  their  canons,  and  from 
4,500  to  6,000  feet  in  altitude.  The  Price,  the  Uintah,  the  Green  and  the 
Grand  have  plenty  of  water,  but,  excepting  the  Uintah,  the  land  upon  which 
their  waters  can  be  diverted  is  very  limited.  On  the  Virgin,  which  is  far 
south  and  low  in  altitude,  there  are  .thirty  to  fifty  square  miles.  In  the 
entire  district  there  may  be  a  thousand  square  miles  of  irrigable  arable  land. 

"From  a  cursory  examination  and  estimate  of  the  water  supply,  made 
under  Major  Powell's  auspices  in  1877,  the  land  in  Utah  which  may  be  irri- 
gated was  tentatively  put  at  1,433,060  acres.  Later  and  more  thorough 
investigation  by  the  Utah  Irrigation  Commission  places  the  number  of  acres- 
capable  of  irrigation  at  2,304,000. 

"Upon  the  high  mountain  slopes  and  mesas  are  the  forests.  All  the  timber 
trees  proper  are  coniferous,  and  belong  to  the  pine,  fir  and  juniper  families. 
There  will  doubtless  always  be  enough  timber  and  lumber  for  domestic  use, 
as  the  new  growth  should  replace  the  consumption.  The  farming  lands, 
on  the  lower  courses  of  the  rivers  and  near  the  mountains,  are  limited  in 
extent,  and  coal  is  so  plentiful  as  to  be  universally  used  for  fuel.  No 
timber  or  lumber  should  ever  be  exported  from  Utah,  nor  are  they  likely  to  be. 
Major  Powell  estimates  the  timber  region  at  18,500  square  miles,  standing 
timber  at  10,000,  milling  timber  at  2,500  square  miles,  sufficient,  he  says,  for 
the  industrial  wants  of  the  country  if  it  can  be  preserved  from  forest  fires. 

"The  elevated  regions  not  only  store  the  moisture  to  fertilize  the  adjacent 
lowlands,  but  they  contain  the  mines  of  silver  and  gold,  of  lead  and  iron,  and 
of  other  metals  and  minerals,  and  the  coal. 

"The  grazing  lands  lie,  in  the  main,  between  the  high  timber  lands  and  the 
low  farming  lands.  The  grass  is  scanty,  but  in  great  variety  and  nutritious. 

"Wherever  grass  grows,  Major  Powell  says,  water  may  be  found  or  saved 
from  the  rains  in  sufficient  quantity  for  all  the  herds  that  can  live  on  the- 
pasturage." 


UTAH.  21 

GEOLOGY    AND    MINING    IN    GENERAL. 

The  following  condensation  is  made  from  Professor  Jones'  admirable  book 
upon  Utah: 

"The  deposits  of  the  precious  metals  of  Utah  all  belong  to  the  early  geo- 
logical ages,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  small  outcroppings  in  Southern 
Utah,  in  a  very  unique  deposit.  The  minerals  are  generally  contained  in 
fissures  of  varying  width  and  richness,  running,  not  along  the  line  of  a  moun- 
tain range,  but  directly  across  it,  stretching  from  one  range  of  mountains  to 
another,  and  doubtless  going  underneath  the  valleys  in  a  direction  nearly  east 
and  west.  These  veins  seem  to  traverse  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Great  Basin 
from  east  to  west.  The  most  valuable  deposits  are  generally  found  in  the 
earliest  granites,  quartzites  or  palaeozoic  limestone.  One  of  the  most  impor- 
tant mineral  belts  of  Utah  runs  from  the  Uintah  Mountains  on  the  east 
through  Park  City  and  Alta  in  the  Wasatch,  thence  across  the  Salt  Lake 
Valley  to  the  Oquirrh  Mountains  on  the  west  at  Bingham,  the  original  point 
of  discovery  of  mines  in  Utah,  and  then  turning  a  little  northward,  crossing 
diagonally  through  the  Aqui  Mountains,  and  thence  out  on  the  desert. 

"The  second  mineral  belt  begins  in  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Mount  Nebo,  and  runs  a  little  north  of  west,  reaching  its  climax  in  the 
extension  of  the  Oquirrh  Range  at  Tintic,  thence  it  passes  through  various 
ranges  until  it  goes  out  of  the  State  at  Deep  Creek,  which"  is  destined  to  be 
one  of  the  greatest  mining  camps  in  Utah. 

"The  third  belt  is  located  some  200  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake,  beginning 
at  Marysvale  and  Beaver,  running  a  little  north  of  west  through  various 
ranges,  Teachings  its  climax  at  Frisco,  where  the  great  Horn  Silver  Mine  is 
located.  The  belt  extends  westward  from  there  to  the  boundary  of  the  State. 

"Near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State,  on  the  rim  of  the  Basin,  is  a 
very  unique  mineral  deposit  in  sandstone  of  the  Triassic  or  later  date.  The 
ore  is  chiefly  chloride  of  silver,  found  in  reefs  of  sandstone  which  are  tilted 
at  a  high  angle. 

"The  eastern  portion  of  the  State,  being  of  a  very  recent  geological  age, 
is  almost  destitute  of  precious  metals.  There  are  some  limited  areas  of  vol- 
canic outbursts  in  this  region,  where  there  is  some  mineral.  This  is  pre-emi- 
nently a  coal  country,  having  thousands  of  square  miles  of  coal  fields,  with 
veins  in  some  places  forty  feet  thick.  This  region  has  other  forms  of  carbon 
besides  coal,  the  principal  ones  being  natural  gas,  paraffin,  heavy  oil  and 
asphaltum  of  all  grades.  Here  also  are  found  large  deposits  of  the  hydro- 
carbons, gilsonite,  elaterite  and  ozocerite,  which  electrical  development  is 
rapidly  bringing  into  general  use." 

Mining  in  Utah  is  conducted  in  much  the  same  way  that  it  is  elsewhere. 
In  most  portions  of  the  State  lode  claims  are  1,500  feet  long  by  600  feet  wide. 
In  the  absence  of  a  State  law  fixing  the  amount  of  labor  necessary  to  hold  a 
location,  the  customs  of  miners  and  the  rules  of  mining  districts  regulate  the 
amount.  This,  of  course,  is  additional  to  the  annual  labor  or  improvements 
required  by  the  Acts  of  Congress. 

The  spirit  of  boom  and  hurrah  has  always  been  noticeably  absent  from  the 
mining  men  of  Utah.  These  men,  or  a  large  proportion  of  them,  obtained 
their  preliminary  training  in  Nevada  and  California,  where  mining  is,  and 
always  has  been,  conducted  upon  legitimate  lines,  and  where  results  count 
for  more  than  anticipation.  The  history  of  Utah  contains  no  record  of  great 
mining  excitements.  Other  States  can  and  do  have  their  Cripple  Creeks  and 
Creedes,  where  excitement  runs  high  and  everyone  seems  possessed  to  keep  it 
up.  But  Utah  never  has  had,  and  probably  never  will  have,  a  genuine  mining 
craze.  The  people  are  not  built  to  produce  and  keep  up  mining  excitements. 
They  are  conservative  and  unboastful.  They  regard  mining  as  a  legitimate 
business,  and  prefer  to  look  to  dividends  rather  than  to  the  rise  of  specula- 
stocks  for  their  profits. 


22  UTAH. 

No  special  effort  is  made  by  the  people  of  Utah  to  have  the  news  prints 
of  the  country  advertised,  by  news  or  paid  notices,  the  progress  of  mining 
development,  and  for  that  reason  the  mining  fame  of  the  State  is  not  so 
widespread  as  that  of  other  States  whose  output  and  mining  dividends  do 
not  compare  with  those  of  Utah.  An  examination  of  a  table  which  appears 
elsewhere  in  this  account  will  show  that  this  State  has  a  total  metal  product 
valued  at  $234,703,580.23.  For  many  years  a  steady  stream  of  dividends 
has  been  flowing  from  the  mines  to  their  owners,  as  will  be  seen  by  accom- 
panying tables. 

These  figures  are  given  to  the  reader  that  he  may  judge  of  the  mineral 
greatness  of  Utah,  a  greatness  which  the  work  of  development  now  but 
fairly  entered  upon  will  make  phenomenal  in  the  near  future.  The  tables  and 
mining  statistics  presented  are  complete  to  January  1,  1901,  and  of  the  show- 
ing they  make  the  State  may  well  be  proud: 

TABLE   OP    MINING    DIVIDENDS. 
Mines.  Capital.         Total  Dividends. 

Ajax  (Copperopolis) $3,000,000  $1,000,000 

Bullion-Beck 1,000,000  2,535,000 

Centennial-Eureka 1,500,000  2,447,700 

Crescent 1,500,000  280,000 

Chloride  Point 500,000  5,000 

Consolidated  Mercur 10,000,000  110,000 

Carisa 85,000 

Daly 3,000,000  2,397,500 

Dalton  and  Lark 2,500,000  87,500 

Daly- West 3,000,000  487,500 

Eureka  Hill 1,000,000  1,850,000 

Grand  Central 250,000  631,250 

Geyser-Marion 1,500,000  96,000 

Gemeni-Keystone 500,000  825,000 

Grand  Gulch 4,800 

.       Horn  Silver 10,000,000  5,290,000 

Mercur 5,000,000  1,481,000 

Maxfield 3,000,000  117,000 

Mammoth 10,000,000  1,780,000 

Ontario 15,000,000  13,662,500 

Silver  King 3,000,000  3,475,000 

Sacramento 5,000,000  118,000 

Swansea 500,000  271,500 

South  Swansea 150,000  162,500 

Silver  Shield 30,000  1,500 

Rocco-Homestake 300,000  4,500 

Petro 1,500,000  33,000 

Utah 1,000,000  179,000 

Utah  Consolidated 750,000  63,000 

Galena 1,000,000  71,000 

The  mines  named  in  this  table  are  those  which  exhibit  their  dividends  and 
are  but  a  few  of  the  many  great  producers  of  the  State.  There  are  hundreds 
of  properties  under  private  or  corporate  ownership  in  Utah,  about  the  annual 
profits  of  which  we  are  left  entirely  to  conjecture.  Our  Eastern  friends  who 
take  statements  concerning  the  West  with  a  grain  of  allowance  are  urged  to 
verify  the  figures  contained  in  this  table. 

UTAH'S    CURIOUS    MINERAL    PRODUCTS 

are  of  many  kinds,  the  most  noteworthy  being  the  sandstone  silver  mines 
of  Southern  Utah.  The  discovery  of  silver  in  sandstone  was  made  by  Judge 
Barbee  at  Leeds,  in  Washington  County,  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 
The  mines  he  located  have  paid  to  this  time  over  one  million  dollars  in 
profits.  The  sandstone  deposit  contains  the  petrified  remains  of  a  prehistoric 
forest,  and  the  richest  ores  found  have  been  portions  of  these  petrified  trees. 
Utah  alone  possesses  this  mineralogical  curiosity.  Its  existence  contradicts 
old  geological  theories  and  teaches  us  how  little,  after  all,  we  know  of  na- 
ture's wonderful  methods. 


UTAH.  23 

Utah  illustrates  perhaps  better  than  any  other  part  of  the  world  the  truth 
of  the  couplet— 

"God  moves  in  a  mysterious  way 
4  His  wonders  to  perform." 

He  seems  to  have  selected  the  State  for  the  exhibition  of  the  utmost 
powers  of  creation,  and  has  given  to  it  almost  every  form  of  mineral  wealth. 

Less  curious  than  the  sandstone  mines,  but  very  interesting,  are  the  great 
bodies  of  asphaltum  and  the  hydrocarbons,  which  occur  generally  over  a 
thousand  square  miles  or  more  of  the  region  in  Northeastern  Utah,  in  part 
reserved  to  the  Uintah  and  Uncompahgre  Indians. 

The  asphaltum  is  found  in  limestone,  sandstone  and  in  flowing  springs 
and  lakes.  In  quality  it  is  the  equal  of  any  in  the  world,  and  in  quantity 
there  is  sufficient  of  it  to  pave  all  the  streets  in  America  and  still  leave 
enough  for  the  uses  of  mankind  for  centuries  to  come.  Aside  from  a  small 
amount  mined  in  California,  practically  all  of  the  asphaltum  used  in  the 
United  States  is  imported  from  the  Island  of  Trinidad.  This  importation  is 
carried  on  by  a  company,  which,  because  of  its  control  of  the  source  of  the 
material,  has  grown  into  a  gigantic  monopoly,  and  dictates  terms  to  most  of 
the  great  municipal  corporations  of  the  country.  With  Utah's  enormous 
bodies  of  asphaltum,  there  need  no  longer  be  any  reason  for  maintaining  this 
monopoly  or  for  veneering  the  streets  of  American  cities  with  a  foreign 
product. 

GILSONITE,  of  which  the  largest  known  vein  is  forty  feet  wide  and  twenty 
miles  long,  is  peculiar  to  Utah.  Its  discovery  in  the  State  is  attributed  to  Mr. 
Sam  Gilson  of  Salt  Lake  City,  after  whom  it  was  named  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  This  material  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  black  japan  and 
other  varnishes,  in  making  insulating  compounds  of  various  kinds,  in  covering 
iron  plates  on  ship  bottoms  and  to  protect  pilings  subject  to  the  ravages  .of 
toredo  and  other  salt-water  insects.  This  form  of  asphaltum  was  formerly 
imported  from  Egypt  to  the  United  States,  commanding  a  price  of  $250  per 
ton.  The  Utah  product  has  driven  the  Egyptian  article  out  of  our  market, 
as  it  can  be  delivered  on  the  cars  at  Price  for  $40  per  ton. 

The  Gilsonite  Asphaltum  Company  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  shipped  from  Price 
4,587,630  pounds  of  asphaltum  in  1900,  an  increase  of  1,500,000  pounds  over 
the  output  of  the  preceding  year.  This  nets  the  company  about  $40  per  ton 
on  board  the  cars  at  Price. 

Shipments  were  made  from  other  properties,  of  which  there  are  many  in 
the  great  hydrocarbon  field,  but  exact  figures  are  not  obtainable. 

Of  the  hydrocarbons  mentioned  there  is  enough  to  supply  all  the  uses  for 
which  they  are  employed  for  all  time  to  come,  but  little  seems  to  be  known 
of  one  of  these  products  (elaterite)  and  the  purposes  for  which  it  can  be 
used.  The  world's  supply  has  heretofore  been  obtained  principally  from 
Austria  and  Syria,  where  the  ouput  is  comparatively  limited,  and  therefore 
they  have  commanded  a  high  market  price.  All  of  these  several  forms  of  car- 
bons are  found  in  Utah  in  exceedingly  pure  condition,  and  when  they  can  be 
sent  to  market  they  will  undoubtedly  drive  out  the  imported  materials. 

ELATERITE  is  a  sort  of  mineral  rubber,  and  is  awaiting  a  cheap  means  of 
reducing  it  to  solution,  so  that  it  can  be  economically  used  upon  the  bottoms 
of  ships.  It  is  said  to  furnish  complete  protection  against  the  barnacle,  and 
that  it  will  save  millions  of  dollars  annually  to  the  ship-owners  of  the  world. 
The  Government  has  recently  caused  experiments  to  be  made  for  the  dis- 
covery of  a  cheap  method  of  reducing  it,  and  the  claim  is  made  by  one  chem- 
ist that  this  can  be  done  at  a  cost  of  30  cents  per  gallon.  The  substance  is 
difficult  to  mine.  It  cannot  be  drilled,  being  like  gutta-percha,  $nd  augers 
are  used  to  prepare  it  for  blasting. 

OZOCERITE,  or  mineral  wax,  is  similar  in  many  respects  to  paraffin,  and  is 
an  extreme  product  of  petroleum.  The  chief  supply  now  comes  from  Galicia, 
the  mines  of  which  are  said  to  be  wholly  inadequate  to  supply  the  demand  for 


24  UTAH. 

the  product.  This  is  the  material  used  by  Mr.  Edison  for  the  cylinder  of  his 
phonograph.  In  crude  condition  it  is  dark-colored,  but  it  can,  by  chemical 
treatment,  be  made  white  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  candles.  As  a 
material  for  waxing  ball-room  floors  it  is  said  to  have  no  equal,  and  it  is  a 
valuable  element  in  the  manufacture  of  acid  and  water-proof  paper.  Its  chief 
use,  however,  is  for  insulation,  for  which  purpose  it  is  said  to  be  more  valu- 
able than  any  other  substance. 

In  enumerating  Utah's  mineral  curios,  mention  should  be  made  of  the 
peculiar  form  in  which  gold  is  deposited  at  Mercur,  a  camp  fully  discussed 
later  in  this  account.  It  is  contended  that  the  chloride  of  gold  has  never 
been  found  in  nature,  but  there  are  many  men  of  high  scientific  attainments 
who  insist  that  the  gold  found  at  Mercur  is  in  that  form,  and  that  the  ores 
are  therefore  most  easy  of  treatment  by  solution  methods. 

The  Great  Salt  Lake  is  a  mine  as  well  as  a  health  and  pleasure  resort. 
Its  interesting  features  and  supposed  origin  are  treated  under  a  separate 
head  in  this  book,  but  in  this  connection  it  should  be  given  its  place  among 
Utah's  mineral  marvels.  The  large  per  cent,  of  salt  contained  in  its  waters 
makes  the  lake  a  fruitful  source  of  revenue  to  Utah,  and  the  lake  itself  is 
a  curiosity  of  ever-increasing,  interest.  Nature  has  deposited  in  its  waters 
salt  enough,  which,  if  extracted  and  sold  at  the  market  price,  would  realize, 
it  is  said,  a  sum  ample  to  pay  all  the  national  debts  in  Christendom,  and  still 
leave  a  fair  fortune  for  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  United  States.  A 
gentleman  handy  with  figures  recently  computed  the  bulk  of  this  salt  to  be  suf- 
ficient, if  extracted,  to  load  a  train  long  enough  to  reach  196  times  around  the 
earth  and  leave  an  8,000-mile  string  of  cars  on  a  sidetrack.  These  figures  are 
given  in  order  that  the  reader  may  approach  to  a  comprehension  of  the 
wealth  carried  in  solution  by  the  waters  of  this  inland  sea.  The  lake  is  cer- 
tainly one  of  the  marvels  of  creation,  and  is  entitled  to  a  place  among  the 
freaks  in  Utah's  museum.  So  much  for  the  rare  and  curious. 

Next  to  be  considered  are  some  of  the  other  mineral  treasures  in  the  State, 
which  are  being  mined  and  marketed,  but  which  do  not  belong  to  the  same 
family  of  metals  as  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead — to  the  production  of  which 
the  mining  of  the  State  is  principally  directed. 

SULPHUR  is  found,  of  course,  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  but  it  is 
doubted  whether  any  known  deposit  exceeds  in  richness  and  size  the  deposits 
found  in  Beaver  and  other  counties  of  Utah.  An  expert  from  the  mines  of 
Sicily  once  told  the  writer  that  there  was  then  more  sulphur  in  one  mine  now 
being  operated  in  Beaver  County  than  in  the  whole  sulphur  field  of  Sicily. 

Near  Black  Rock  is  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano  filled  with  a  sulphur 
deposit  going  from  60  to  90  per  cent.  pure.  Works  at  this  point  have  a 
capacity  of  twenty  tons  per  day,  and  lump  and  other  forms  of  refined  sulphur 
are  produced.  The  output  of  these  and  other  works  in  the  State  is  limited 
solely  by  the  demand.  Other  deposits  are  found  near  Frisco,  where  the  ma- 
terial occurs  in  crevices,  and  is  very  pure.  A  fine  deposit,  running  67  per  cent, 
pure,  has  also  been  opened  in  the  Uintah  Mountains. 

On  the  Rio  Virgin  River,  in  Southern  Utah,  exists  veins  of  pure  salt  which 
might  easily  be  taken  for  veins  of  the  clearest  ice.  One  of  these  veins 
stands  like  a  crystal  mountain  above -the  valley,  and  the  material  is  so  clear 
that  print  can  be  distinctly  read  through  a  block  of  it.  The  writer  is  indebted 
to  Mr.  Stanislaus  de  Yurski,  an  eminent  expert  of  Austria,  for  the  informa- 
tion that  this  peculiar  form  of  salt  is  found  only  in  Utah  and  Galicia. 

SALTPETER  is  found  in  a  valuable  bed  in  the  south  end  of  the  Salt  Lake 
Valley. 

ALUM  SHALES  occur  in  many  localities. 

DEPOSITS  OF  GYPSUM,  practically  inexhaustible,  have  been  located  in 
several  portions  of  the  State.  One  outcrop  at  Nephi  is  1,200  feet  long,  and 
contains  enough  gypsum  to  supply  all  possible  demand  for  many  years.  Upon 
this  deposit  is  situated  the  mill  of  the  Nephi  Plaster  of  Paris  Manufacturing 


UTAH.  25 

Company,  which  manufactures  and  ships  to  all  portions  of  Utah  and  to  Cali- 
fornia, Idaho,  Montana,  Oregon,  Washington  and  British  Columbia  large 
quantities  of  plaster  of  paris.  This  gypsum  is  said  to  be  the  purest  known, 
and  shows  the  following  analysis: 

Lime 33.60 

Sulphuric  acid 43.07 

Water...  .     23.33 


100.00 

The  output  of  the  Nephi  plant  for  1900  was  200  cars. 

Selinite  of  great  purity,  rotten  stone,  sometimes  called  tripoli,  the  real 
tripoli,  mica,  antimony,  quicksilver,  asbestos,  graphite  and  many  other  of  the 
less  common  minerals,  mineral  paints  and  the  gems,  topaz,  garnet,  ruby, 
chalcedony  and  amethyst  may  all  be  enumerated  in  Utah's  inventory  of 
mineral  wealth. 

Indications  of  PETROLEUM  that  are  likely  to  lead  to  a  profitable  develop- 
ment are  present  in  Emery  County,  near  Pleasant  Valley,  and  on  the  Green 
River.  Stimulated  by  the  oil  development  in  Southern  California,  many  pe- 
troleum locations  were  made  in  the  Green  River  country  during  1900  by  peo- 
ple who  freely  predict  the  existence  there  of  a  rich  and  extensive  field. 

CLAYS. — A  great  variety  of  rich  and  beautiful  clays  exist  in  Utah,  almost 
every  county  having  a  deposit  of  some  kind.  In  Salt  Lake  County,  near 
Draper,  is  a  vast  bed  of  kaolin,  from  which  articles  of  delicate  and  purest 
white  pottery  have  been  made  in  an  experimental  way.  At  the  base  of 
the  Wasatch  Mountains  throughout  Utah  County  is  a  deposit  of  black  clay 
of  the  finest  quality.  Brick  clays,  from  which  first-class  pressed  and 
common  brick  are  manufactured,  are  found  nearly  everywhere  throughout 
the  State.  The  brick  produced  is  of  almost  every  color  and  tone.  From  Salt 
Lake  fire-clays  are  produced  a  first-class  quality  of  fire-brick.  Brick  man- 
ufacturing is  extensively  carried  on  at  Salt  Lake,  and  brick  of  exceptionally 
fine  quality  and  appearance  was  turned  out  to  the  number,  in  1900,  of 
23,200,000,  of  which  18,200,000  were  sold. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT.— The  Portland  Cemen1>  Company  of  Utah  is  now 
making  a  true  artificial  Portland  cement,  and  during  the  year  1900  sold 
60,000  barrels.  The  plant  is  now  manufacturing  cement  at  the  rate  of  400 
barrels  per  day,  the  company  having  expended  §30,000  for  improvements 
during  the  past  year. 

Veins  of  BISMUTH  have  been  found  in  Beaver  County,  near  Beaver  City, 
carrying  from  1  to  6  per  cent,  of  the  metal.  This  metal  has  also  been  found 
in  the  mines  of  Bingham,  but  there  are  at  present  no  reduction  works  spe- 
cially designed  for  its  extraction. 

SODA  and  NITRE  exist  in  Weber,  Utah  and  other  counties,  and  ALUM  in 
abundance  in  Iron  County. 

MARBLE. — Of  this  Utah  possesses  great  quantities  and  many  varieties. 
White,  mottled,  pink,  geodic  and  black  marbles  are  found  in  large  deposits 
and  in  many  localities.  The  largest  marble  deposits  are  at  Frisco,  in 
Beaver  County,  but  workable  bodies  occur  in  Spanish  Fork  Canon,  on  Deep 
Creek,  and  in  other  portions  of  the  State.  Geodic  marble,  composed  of  a 
mass  of  impacted  little  geodes,  is  found  in  large  quantities,  and  when 
polished  makes  a  novel  and  beautiful  finishing  material.  A  large  deposit  of 
this  peculiar  marble  is  now  being  opened  on  Hobble  Creek  by  the  Hobble 
Creek  Marble  Company.  For  ornamental  purposes  in  building,  the  geodic 
marble  is  considered  by  many  equal  to  onyx.  The  writer  knows  of  no  deposits 
except  those  found  in  Utah.  The  building  done  in  Salt  Lake  during  1900 
evidences  a  greater  use  of  stone  than  ever  before.  For  fine  residences  es- 
pcially  it  seems  to  be  leading  its  less  expensive  brick  competitor. 

OXYX. — The  Utah  product  differs  from  the  onyx  imported  from  Mexico, 
in  that  it  is  free  from  the  checks  and  fractures  which  mar  the  appearance  of 


26  UTAH. 

the  imported  article.  It  exceeds  in  beauty  all  other  local  building  materials, 
and  is  found  in  a  great  diversity  of  colors  and  in  practically  inexhaustible 
quantities.  The  largest  mines  are  situated  in  Utah,  Cache,  Millard  and  Box 
Elder  counties.  This  material  was  used  in  wainscoting  the  million-dollar 
city  and  county  building  in  Salt  Lake,  and  its  interior  is  offered  by  Utah  in 
evidence  that  Utah  has  the  finest  onyx  in  the  world.  The  most  beautiful 
colors  and  forms  are  blended  in  its  texture,  and  for  mantels,  pillars  and 
interior  ornamentation  it  is  fast  coming  into  general  use  among  local  builders. 
Some  outside  shipments  have  been  made,  but  the  value  of  the  material  has 
not  become  sufficiently  known  to  Eastern  builders  to  secure  for  it  a  market  in 
competition  with  the  Mexican  product.  Pieces  four  by  six  feet  are  easily 
mined  and  are  polished  at  a  low  cost. 

ALABASTER,  of  the  pink  variety,  occurs  in  Utah  County  in  extensive 
deposits.  This  material  is  too  soft  to  be  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  but  pre- 
sents a  very  pretty  appearance  when  finished,  and  will  no  doubt  in  time  be 
extensively  mined. 

PUMICE. — Near  Black  Rock  station,  Beaver  County,  there  is  an  immense 
bed  of  pumice  stone,  more  being  in  sight  than  can  be  used  in  the  next  twenty 
years.  This  is  quarried  out  and  sent  in  car  lots  to  Chicago,  where  it  is  pulped 
and  manufactured  into  various  articles  for  polishing  wood  and  other  sub- 
stances, smoothing  paint  surfaces,  scouring  bricks,  etc.  This  article  is  shut- 
ting1  out  importations  which  formerly  supplied  all  he  United  States  with 
pumice  stone,  and  it  promises  to  become  an  important  manufacture. 

BUILDING  STONE. — Utah  excels  in  the  quality  of  her  red  and  gray  sand- 
stone, of  which  there  are  inexhaustible  quantities.  These  sandstone  crop  out 
for  several  hundred  miles  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Wasatch,  and  are  in  much 
demand  for  general  building  purposes.  The  stone  also  occurs  at  Spanish  Fork 
Canon,  where  it  varies  in  color  from  a  red  to  a  light  brown,  and  at  Kayune, 
from  whence  it  is  extensively  shipped  to  Denver  and  other  Eastern  points. 
Of  limestone  Utah  has  a  surfeit — it  is  everywhere.  It  is  employed  in  mak- 
ing lime,  and  much  of  it  seeks  the  smelters  for  fluxing  purposes.  Granite  is 
not  generally  used,  though  the  Mormon  Temple  at  Salt  Lake,  a  building 
which  cost  $4,000,000  and  which  will  stand  the  wear  and  tear  of  time  for 
centuries  to  come  is  built  of  it.  The  material  for  the  Temple  was  quarried 
from  a  large  deposit  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Cottonwood,  near  Salt  Lake 
City. 

SLATE  occurs  in  many  places,  the  finest  in  quality  and  color  being  on 
Antelope  Island,  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Near  Utah  Lake  there  is  also  a  fine 
deposit  from  which  slabs  from  an  inch  to  several  feet  in  thickness  and  per- 
fectly uniform  in  texture  can  be  taken.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  build- 
ing stones  possessed  by  Utah  is  the  oolitic  sandstone  of  Manti.  This  is  com- 
posed of  minute  shells,  compacted,  and  is  so  soft  that  when  first  taken  out 
it  is  readily  cut  with  a  saw.  Being  very  white,  it  is  in  demand  for  trimmings, 
and  is  very  ornamental. 

Discoveries  of  LITHOGRAPHIC  STONE  have  been  made  in  various  parts  of 
the  State,  but  so  far  none  has  been  marketed.  Millard,  Utah  and  Salt  Lake 
counties  each  claim  to  possess  deposits  of  superior  quality.  Near  Cisco,  in 
Grand  County,  the  West  American  Agate  Company  have  been  operating  the 
agate  fields,  and  have  spent  several  thousand  dollars  in  development.  Large 
boulders  of  CHALCEDONY,  big  enough  to  make  table  tops,  are  there  found, 
ranging  in  color  from  bloodstone  to  carnelian. 


COAL. 

Professor  Jones  has  this  to  say  about  Utah's  coal  fields: 
"Geologically,  our  coals  belong  to  the  cretaceous  age.    After  the  basin  was 
upheaved  in  which  the  coal  was  formed,  a  large  lake  was  left  in  the  center, 


UTAH.  27 

the  waves  of  which,  gradually  wore  away  the  shores  until  the  coal  deposits 
cropped  out  in  precipices  1,500  feet  high.  The  streams  also  cut  box  canons  at 
right  angles  to  the  shore  line,  thereby  exposing  the  nearly  horizontal  coal  beds 
in  multitudes  of  places,  so  that  to  take  out  coal  it  is  necessary  only  to  run  a 
tunnel  in  on  the  bed  and  cart  out  the  fuel. 

"This  does  away  with  all  the  costly  hoisting  machinery  so  common  else- 
where. This  coal  belt  enters  Utah  near  Evanston,  Wyo.,  forms  a  large  basin 
near  Coalville;  then  runs  east  along  the  north  side  of  the  Uintahs  to  and 
around  the  eastern  end  of  the  mountains;  thence  west  back  along  the  south 
side  to  the  head  of  Spanish  Fork  Canon,  where  it  forms  the  Coal  Range,  the 
watershed  between  the  Colorado  and  the  Great  Basin;  thence  it  runs  in  a 
southerly  direction  for  many  miles,  and  then  bends  westward  past  Cedar 
City  (near  which  are  the  iron  deposits)  and  Kanarrah;  thence  west  until  it 
passes  out  of  the  Territory  (State)  above  Saint  George.  *  *  *  In 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  Territory  (State)  the  deposits  are  small,  while 
between  Iron  City  and  the  Uintahs  they  are  very  heavy. 

"This  coal  field,  600  to  1,000  miles  long,  is  ten  miles  wide  in  the  narrowest 
place,  while  in  others  it  may  run  up  to  twenty-five  miles.  It  is  estimated 
that  we  have  20,000  square  miles  of  coal  lands  in  Utah,  but  this  is  an  exag- 
gerration;  still  we  have  immense  bodies  of  thousands  of  square  miles,  and 
of  such  thickness  as  to  supply  the  whole  United  States  for  centuries.  Another 
valuable  feature  of  our  coal  is  its  proximity  to  the  mineral  deposits,  both 
iron  and  the  precious  metals.  There  is  no  coal  to  the  west  of  us  except 
some  poor  lignites,  scarcely  used,  in  Southern  California;  so  we  shall  always 
supply  the  Great  Basin,  and  at  least  part  of  California,  with  coal.  At  Coal- 
ville the  workable  vein  is  10  to  13  feet  thick;  at  Pleasant  Valley  there  are 
two  veins,  one  13  and  the  other  28  feet  thick;  at  Castle  Gate  the  largest  vein 
is  14  feet." 

The  Union  Pacific  made  the  following  excellent  showing  with  the  output 
of  their  several  mines  in  Wyoming  and  Utah  in  1900: 

OUTPUT   OF   UNION   PACIFIC    COAL    MINES   FOR   1900. 

Tons. 

Rock  Springs,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  1 479,801 

Rock  Springs,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  7 201,051 

Rock  Springs,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  8 273,905 

Rock  Springs,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  9 292,783 

Carbon,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  2 93,416 

Carbon,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  7 50,351 

Hanna,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  1 340,000 

Almy,  Wyoming,  Mine  No.  7 22,431 

Weber,  Utah,  Mine 42,644 


Total  Union  Pacific  Mines 1,796,382 

PRODUCTION    OF    UTAH    COAL    MINES    FOR   1900. 

Tons. 

Pleasant  Valley  Company 984,399 

Grass  Creek  Company 32360 

Sanpete   County 7,500 

Uintah  County 6  500 

Emery  County 8,000 

Grand  County 1,000 

Other  Small  Mines 52,500 


Total  tons  Utah  Mines  (exclusive  of  Weber  U.  P.) 1,092,259 

ANTHEACITE.— 1895  marked  the  discovery  of  anthracite  coal  in  Utah. 
The  stratum  of  this  valuable  fuel  was  found  between  walls  of  carboniferous 
limestone,  on  a  bedding  of  shale  in  the  mountains  east  of  Provo.  The  analysis 
shows  65  per  cent,  fixed  carbon,  15  per  cent,  ash  and  20  per  cent,  moisture  and 
volatile  matter.  The  vein  is  from  three  to  five  feet  in  thickness  and  shows  a 
widening  tendency.  The  outcrop  can  be  traced  nearly  the  entire  length  of 
Utah  County,  and  a  number  of  locations  have  been  made  upon  the  vein.  An 


.28  UTAH. 

excellent  quality  of  coke  is  made  from  Castle  Gate  coal.  Something  like  fifty 
coke  workers  are  employed  at  the  coke  ovens  connected  with  these  mines,  and 
the  amount  shipped  approximates  25,000  tons  per  year.  The  largest  local 
market  for  coal  in  Utah  it  at  Salt  Lake  City,  which  consumes  about  120,000 
tons  annually.  The  following  are  the  prevailing  Salt  Lake  prices  (October, 
1898): 

Retail         Whole- 
Deliv.  sale. 

Rock  Springs,  Weber,  Castle  Gate,  Diamond  and  Kemmerer.  .$5.00  $3.75 

Winter  Quarters  and  Pleasant  Valley 4.75  3.50 

Nut  Coal,  all  kinds 4.75  3.50 

Mine  slack 2.50  2.00 

Anthracite  9.50  9.00 

SALT. 

Utah  is  most  generously  supplied  with  salt,  not  only  in  veins  of  rock  salt 
.and  in  the  brine  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  but  also  in  many  springs  and  small 
lakes.  A  company  at  Nephi  is  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  refined  salt 
from  the  rock  salt,  and  from  springs  found  near  by,  and  another  company  is 
doing  a  large  business  in  the  sale  of  rock  salt,  as  mined.  The  principal  source 
of  supply,  however,  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  waters  of  which  carry  from  18 
to  20  per  cent.  Around  the  lake  are  numerous  salt  farms,  provided  with 
ponds  a  few  feet  below  the  level  of  the  lake,  into  which  the  lake  water  is 
pumped  or  drained  early  in  the  season  to  a  depth  of  two  or  three  feet. 
When  this  water  evaporates  a  deposit  of  several  inches  of  salt  remains;  this 
is  shoveled  into  piles  for  use  in  silver  mills  and  on  stock  ranges,  or  to  be  re- 
fined for  table,  dairy  and  packers'  use.  The  Inland  Crystal  Salt  Company, 
the  Nebo  Salt  Manufacturing  Company  and  the  Nephi  Salt  Mining  &  Manu- 
facturing Company  are  leading  institutions  engaged  in  the  salt  business,  the 
latter  having  mined  3,000  tons  of  rock  salt  last  year.  The  production  for 
1900,  according  to  the  best  obtainable  figures,  was  approximately  150,000 
tons,  of  which  20,000  tons  were  refined.  Analyses  have  shown  this  product 
to  be  99.927  per  cent,  pure,  the  nearest  approach  that  has  been  made  to  ab- 
solute purity;  so  close,  in  fact,  that  Professor  Ludeking,  editor  of  the  Medical 
Review,  pronounces  it  "absolutely  pure."  This  salt  meets  the  Eastern  arti- 
cle in  Western  Nebraska,  and  finds  ready  sale  in  all  the  country  westward 
to  the  Pacific  Coast.  Practically  all  salt  used  in  this  region  for  stock  and 
milling  purposes  is  supplied  by  Utah.  As  the  supply  is  inexhaustible  and  the 
demand  constantly  increasing,  the  salt  industry  promises  to  become  a  source 
of  great  revenue  to  the  State.  Further  reference  to  the  salt  industry  on  the 
shores  of  the  lake  will  be  found  under  the  head  of  "The  Great  Salt  Lake." 

IRON. 

There  are  iron  deposits  that  can  be  worked  with  profit  in  Cache,  Weber, 
Wasatch,  Salt  Lake,  Morgan,  Juab  and  many  other  counties  of  Utah,  but  the 
greatest  of  all  is  in  Iron  County,  which  possesses  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
deposits  in  the  world.  Near  Cedar  City  is  the  so-called  "Iron  Mountain," 
estimated  to  contain  50,000,000  tons  of  fine  iron  ore.  Professor  Newberry  has 
said  of  this  mountain:  "The  deposits  of  iron  ore  near  Iron  City,  in  South- 
western Utah,  are  probably  not  excelled  in  intrinsic  value  by  any  in  the  world. 
The  ore  is  magnetite  and  hematite,  and  occurs  in  a  belt  fifteen  or  twenty  miles 
long  and  three  or  four  miles  wide,  along  which  there  are  frequent  outcrops, 
«ach  of  which  shows  a  length  and  breadth  of  several  hundred  feet  of  com- 
pact, massive  ore  of  the  richest  quality.  There  are  certainly  no  other 
deposits  to  compare  with  them  west  of  the  Mississippi  for  the  manufacture  of 
pig  and  bar  iron  and  steel,  and  it  would  be  difficult  to  estimate  the  influence 
they  would  have  on  the  industries  of  the  Pacific  Coast." 


UTAH.  2£ 

Another  acknowledged  expert  has  said:  "Utah's  iron  resources  much 
exceed  those  of  any  other  section  of  the  Union."  All  the  iron  ore  so  far  mined 
in  Utah  has  been  red  and  brown  hematite,  of  which  some  12,000  tons  are 
annually  used  for  flux  in  the  smelters,  but  when  it  is  realized  that  the  largest 
and  best  of  our  iron  deposits  are  located  close  to  great  coal  measures,  it  is 
safe  to  predict  that  the  day  will  soon  come  when  the  iron  and  steel  required 
in  the  western  half  of  this  country,  at  least,  will  be  produced  within  the  State 
of  Utah:  We  shall  have  big  blast  furnaces  and  foundries,  and  the  railroads 
of  the  West  will  be  equipped  with  rails  made  of  Utah  steel;  we  shall  make 
all  the  stoves,  machinery,  iron  pipe  and  miscellaneous  ironware  of  the  trans- 
Mississippi  country.  The  consummation  of  this  hope  will  be  reached  as  soon 
as  a  line  of  railway  opens  this  field  to  Salt  Lake  and  Southern  California. 
At  this  writing  this  railroad  has  been  incorporated,  with  ample  capital  for 
its  construction. 

In  this  account  it  will  be  impossible  to  mention  all  of  the  different  kinds 
of  minerals  found  in  Utah.  Professor  Jones  makes  the'statement  that  most 
of  the  minerals  found  in  the  West,  except  tin,  occur  in  the  State.  The  fol- 
lowing is  his 

LIST    OF    UTAH    MINERALS. 
GOLD: 

Placer  gold — telluride  of  gold. 
SILVER: 

Argentite,  cerargyrite — horn  silver,  chloride  of  silver. 

Embolite — chlorobromide  of  silver. 

Frieslebenite — sulphuret  of  antimony  and  silver. 

Miargyrite — sulphuret  of  antimony  and  silver. 

Polybasite. 

Proustite. 

Pyrargyrite — dark  ruby  silver. 

Native  silver. 

LEAD  : 

Anglesite — sulphate  of  lead. 

Cerussite — carbonate  of  lead. 

Leadhillite — sulphato-tricarbonate  of  lead. 

Galena— sulphuret  of  lead,  galenite. 

Wulfenite — molybdate  of  lead. 

Boulangerite — sulphuret  of  antimony  and  lead. 

Pyromorphite — phosphate  of  lead. 

Linarite — cupreous  sulphate  of  lead. 

Phosgenite — carbonate  and  chloride  of  lead. 

Binnite — sulpharsenide  of  lead. 

COPPER: 

Atacamite — chloride  of  copper. 
Azurite — blue  carbonate  of  copper. 
Blue  vitriol — sulphate  of  copper. 
Chalcocite — vitreous  copper. 
Chalcopyrite— copper  pyrites. 
Chrysocollas — silicate  of  copper. 
Cubanite — sulpheret  of  iron  and  copper. 
Cuprite — oxide  of  copper,  melaconite. 
Erubescite — variegated  copper  pyrites,  bornite. 
Linarite — cupreous  sulphate  of  lead. 
Malachite — green  carbonate  of  copper. 
Tetrahedrite — fahlerz,  gray  copper. 
Enargite— sulpharsenate  of  copper. 


30  UTAH. 

ZINC: 

Calamine — silicate  of  zinc. 
Smithsonite — carbonate  of  zinc. 
Sphalerite — zinc  blende. 

IRON: 

Hematite — specular  iron,  micaceous  iron,  red  ochre. 

Copperas— sulphate  of  iron. 

Cubanite — sulphuret  of  iron  and  copper. 

Limonite— brown  hematite,  brown  and  yellow  ochre,  bog  iron. 

Dufreynoisite — sulphate  of  copper  and  arsenic. 

Franklinite. 

Ilmenite— titanic  iron. 

Magnetite — lodestone. 

Mispickle — arsenical  iron  pyrites. 

Pyrites— bisulphuret  of  iron,  marcosite,  white  pyrites. 

Chrysolite — olivine. 

Siderite— carbonate  of  iron. 

Iron  silicates. 

ALUMINUM. 

ANTIMONY: 

Stibnite — gray  antimony,  sulphuret  of  antimony. 
Miargyrite,  cervantite,  pyrargyrite. 
Frieslebenite — sulpheret  of  antimony  and  silver. 
Stephanite — sulphuret  of  antimony  and  silver. 
Boulangerite — sulphuret  of  antimony  and  lead. 

ARSENIC: 

Arsenopyrite — mispickle. 

Olivenite. 

Orpiment— yellow  sulphide  of  arsenic. 

Arsenolite— native  arsenic. 

Realgar— protosulphite  of  arsenic. 

Polybasite — sulphuret  of  copper  and  arsenic. 

Proustite. 

Tetrahedrite — fahlerz. 

BISMUTIT: 

Sulphuret,  telluride,  bismuthite. 

MANGANESE: 

Bosjemanite,  manganese  alum,  wad. 
Pyrolusite — binoxide  of  manganese. 
Khodochrosite — carbonate  of  manganese. 
Sulphate  of  manganese. 
Hausmannite — oxide  of  manganese. 

MERCURY: 

Cinnabar,  selenide  of  mercury. 

MOLYBDENUM  : 

Molybdenite — sulphide  of  molybdenum. 
Wulfenite — molybdate  of  lead. 

TITANIUM: 
Ilmenite. 


UTAH.  31 

TELLURIUM  : 

Telluride  of  gold. 
Phosphate  of  unranium. 

FORMS  OF  CARBON: 

Coal,  cannel  coal,  anthracite,  lignite  (soft  coal),  graphite — plumbago, 
ozocerite,  gilsonite,  wurtzellite,  crude  asphaltum,  petroleum,  natural 
gas,  wheelerite,  amber. 

BUILDING  STONE,  ETC.: 

Augite,  calcite — limestone  and  marble. 
Dolomite — magnesian  limestone. 
Hornblende — tremolite  and  actinolite. 

Ooolite — oolitic  sandstone,  basalt,  lava,  rhyolite,  trachyte,  sandstone, 
slate,  quartzite,  feldspar,  granite. 

SAND,  CLAY  AND  PLASTER: 

Glass  sand,  oolitic  sand,  brick  clay,  potter's  clay,  fire  clay,  kaolinite — 

kaolin— Gunnison  paint,  fuller's  earth,  cement,  lithomarge. 
Gypsum— alabaster,  plaster  of  paris  and  selenite. 

GEMS,  ETC.: 

Agate,  almandine,  amethyst,  carnelian,  cat's  eye,  chalcedony,  corundum, 
dentrite,  epidote,  garnet,  jasper,  jet,  moss  agate,  obsidian,  onyx,  opal, 
petrified  wood,  ruby,  sapphire,  sard,  sardonyx,  spinel,  topaz,  tour- 
maline. 

SALTS  : 

Epsomite — epsom  salts. 

Glauberite,  halite — rock  salt  and  lake  salt. 

Nitrocalcite. 

Niter — saltpeter,  nitrate  of  potash. 

Soda — saleratus,  sulphate  of  soda. 

ALUM: 

Kalinite — alum,  alum  shales,  alum  tufa. 
Pinkeringite — magnesian  alum,  chiolite. 

MISCELLANEOUS  MINERALS,  ETC.: 

Albite,  anthraconite — fetid  limestone,  apatite,  argonite,  asbestos,  barite, 

barytocalcite,  chalk,  fluor  spar. 
Geyserite,  hydrargyllite  (alumina  and  water). 
Hydrosteatite — talc. 
Lithomarge. 

Magnesite — carbonate  of  magnesia. 
Mica — biotite — muscovite. 
Phenacite — silica  and  glaucina. 
Pyroxene — anhydrous  silicate  of  magnesia. 
Stalactites,  soapstone,  sulphur— brimstone. 
Tripoli— tripolite. 
Witherite — carbonate  of  baryta. 
Strontianite — carbonate  of  strontia. 
Geodes. 
Mineral  springs. 


32  UTAH. 

GOLD,  SILVER,  COPPER    AND    LEAD    MINING. 

Although  much  energy  and  capital  is  employed  in  producing  the  various 
forms  of  mineral  wealth  already  mentioned  in  this  account,  the  largest 
amount  of  capital  and  labor  is  devoted  to  the  extraction  of  gold,  silver, 
copper  and  lead,  of  which  the  State  seems  to  have  inexhausible  quantities. 
Mining  is,  and  always  will  be,  the  leading  industry  of  Utah.  According  to 
Professor  Jones,  silver  was  first  discovered  in  Utah  in  1857,  but  no  prac- 
tical attempt  to  mine  was  made  until  1863,  when  the  Old  Jordan  Mine — 
the  first  staked  in  Utah — was  located  in  Bingham  Canon  by  Gen.  P.  E. 
Connor,  then  the  commanding  officer  at  Fort  Douglas,  and  a  party  of  ladies 
and  officers  belonging  to  his  command.  Prior  to  this  time,  however,  it  is 
said  that  the  Mormons  obtained  some  lead  from  melting  down  galena  ores 
in  forges.  The  Old  Jordan  Mine  is  one  of  the  famous  mines  of  the  State, 
and  has  been  worked  almost  continually  since  its  discovery.  In  1864  rich 
placer  ground  was  discovered  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Old  Jordan,  from 
which,  throughout  succeeding  years,  large  amounts  of  gold-dust  were  taken. 
Only  an  approximate  estimate  can  be  made  of  the  output  of  these  placers. 
It  is  of  record,  however,  that  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  shipped  out  over  $500,000 
in  gold-dust,  and  the  total  figures  are  probably  not  far  from  $1,000,000. 

Real  mining  may  be  said  not  to  have  begun  in  Utah,  however,  until  1870, 
at  which  time  news  of  the  discoveries  in  Bingham  CaSon  had  reached 
Nevada,  and  produced  an  immigration  of  prospectors  from  that  State.  That 
year  Buell  and  Bateman,  from  Virginia  City,  Nev.,  bought  a  group  of  claims 
at  Bingham,  which  are  now  included  in  the  Niagara  group  of  mines,  and  in 
connection  with  these  claims  erected  a  smelting  furnace.  They  soon  opened 
up  large  bodies  of  good  ore,  and  their  enterprise  having  attracted  wide  at- 
tention, a  bustling  camp  sprung  up.  The  following  year  a  smelter  was  built 
in  connection  with  the  Winnemucka  Mine,  which,  during  several  years  fol- 
lowing, treated  a  large  tonnage  of  ore  from  that  mine,  the  Spanish  Mine  and 
oher  properties. 

Prospecting  was  not  long  confined  to  Bingham,  but  extended,  year  by 
year,  into  other  portions  of  the  State,  until  Utah's  whole  mineral  domain 
was  dotted  with  mining  camps,  mines  and  smelters. 

In  1868  the  celebrated  Emma  Mine,  at  Alta,  made  her  first  shipment  of 
ore,  and  soon  after  Stockton,  Ophir,  Big  Cottonwood,  Park  City  and  other 
camps,  since  famous  for  their  great  annual  output,  sprung  into  life.  The 
advent  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  into  Utah  in  1869  gave  to  the  mining  of 
the  State  a  stimulus  which  can  never  be  fully  estimated,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  the  development  of  what  then  seemed  to  be  a  purely  agricultural 
region  into  one  of  the  greatest  mining  States  of  the  Union.  In  1869-70  there 
was  a  stampede  of  miners  into  Utah.  Mining  districts  were  organized  all 
over  the  then  Territory,  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  were  reck- 
lessly thrown  away  by  those  who  knew  but  little  about  mining.  As  a  result, 
a' stagnation  in  mining  occurred  in  1874,  continuing  for  some  years,  but  this 
could  not  keep  back  the  really  good  mines  from  producing  their  regular 
quota  of  bullion,  which  gradually  increased  until  the  value  of  the  total  annual 
output  was  many  million  dollars. 

The  table  on  the  next  page,  of  Utah's  mineral  output  from  1877  to  1900, 
is  made  up  from  the  records  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  bankers,  of  Salt  Lake 
City.  This  table  truthfully  presents  each  year's  production  of  gold,  silver, 
copper  and  lead,  and  the  value  of  the  same  as  determined  by  the  average 
market  price  prevailing  during-each  year  reported.  This  statement  does  not 
show  the  product  of  these  metals  prior  to  1877,  but  I  have  added  thereto 
Prof.  Marcus  E.  Jones'  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  bullion  product  of  Utah 
from  1869  to  and  inclusive  of  1876. 


UTAH.  33 

This  enormous  total  of  $234,703,580.23  represents  the  value  of  the  product 
computed  according  to  the  average  market  price  during  each  year  of  pro- 
duction. 

DIVIDENDS  FOR  1900. 

Centennial-Eureka. . .               $317,500 

Carisa 35,000 

Consolidated  Mercur 110,000 

Daly- West 487,500 

Dixie 15,000 

Gemini 125,000 

Golden  Gate 420,000 

Grand  Central 25,000 

Grand  Gulch 2,400 

Horn  Silver 20,000 

Mammoth 220,000 

Mercur 115,000 

Ontario 90,000 

Rocco-Homestake 4,500 

Silver  King 1,000,000 

Silver  Shield 1,500 

Swansea 70,000 

Utah 2,000 

Total $3,060,400 

Scarcely  any  portion  of  these  dividends — averaging  $255,333  per  month — 
leaves  the  State;  they  flow  into  the  pockets  of  home  people,  and  go  to  the 
development  and  upbuilding  of  Utah. 

This  table  includes  only  those  companies  which  have  made  public  an- 
nouncement of  their  dividends  or  the  amount  of  dividends  of  which  have 
been  secured  from  reliable  sources.  In  addition  to  these  there  are  a  number 
of  close  corporations  which  have  made  handsome  earnings,  the  amount  of 
which  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the 
Uncle  Sam,  Humbug  and  Star  Consolidated,  well-known  large  producers. 
All  the  mines  mentioned  in  the  table  are  located  in  Utah,  except  the  Rocco- 
Homestake,  located  in  Nevada,  but  which  is  owned  entirely  by  Salt  Lake 
capital. 


34 


UTAH. 


§  1  1 

" 


;  ^  so  ao  co  t- 1-1 


as 


if 

So 


883SS8S3    38    §88       S 


8          8 


I 


T-.  (N  CO  Tf  NIC 


888888888888888888888888 


1111! 


sg 
Is 


''' 


S  O 

«  fi 


ss 


J! 

^-ss  £ 


§o  * 

P  i 

31  s 


S8.83 

6"5 


" 


UTAH. 


35 


WELLS,    FARGO   &   CO.'S   ANNUAL  STATEMENT  Of  THE  MINERAL 
PRODUCT   OF  UTAH   FOR   1900. 


a 

a 

g-0 

S 

« 

1 

a 

T3 

£ 

£* 

1 

a 

.gg 

ao 

1 

3 

CD 

g| 

-d 

o 

®*C 

0 

o.g 

S 

Oa 

O2 

OJ   0> 

02  0 

r^ 

13  a 

OJ  02 

®  0  02 

g 

5  <y 

o  £3 
a  * 

a 

a^ 

o 

0  * 

~*  ^  o 

a 

ggJ3 

0 

0 

O 

O 

Smelters  in  Utah  

12,495,913 

47,958,900 

4,740,184 

50,332 

Mercur  District 

139 

97  103 

Park  City  District 

561001 

46  900000 

200  000 

3  993  684 

450 

9  148 

Tintic  District 

3  223  732 

406  000 

68  016 

1  049  613 

94 

36  294 

Other  Districts  (part  of  Tintic)  

823,200 

32,727 

112,455 

6,283 

6,557 

Total  

18  354  726 

96,088  100 

300  882 

9  895  936 

103  930 

102331 

RECAPITULATION. 

18,354,726  pounds  copper  at  13  70-100  cents  per  pound $2,514,597.46 

96,088,100  pounds  unrefined  lead  at  $65  per  ton 3,122,863.25 

10,196,818  ounces  fine  silver  at  $0.6128  per  ounce 6,248,610.07 

206,261  ounces  fine  gold  at  $20  per  ounce 4,125,220.00 

Total  export  value $16,011,290.78 

Computing  the  gold  and  silver  at  their  mint  valuation,  and  other  metals 
at  their  value  at  the  seaboard,  it  would  increase  the  value  of  the  product  to 
$17,686,462.38. 

The  value  of  the  foregoing  table  as  a  measure  of  the  march  of  mining  in 
Utah  is  very  great.  It  marks,  year  by  year,  the  steady  advance  of  our  min- 
eral output,  and  for  the  accuracy  of  the  figures  the  great  banking-house  of 
Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  stands  sponsor.  Attention  is  particularly  directed  to  the 
indisputable  evidence  this  table  gives  of  the  advance  of  the  copper  and  gold 
production  since  1897.  As  against  80,467  ounces  of  gold  produced  in  1897, 
the  year  1900  comes  forward  with  206,261  ounces,  an  advance  of  over  150 
per  cent.  The  copper  showing  for  1897  was  3,920,966  pounds,  of  the  value 
of  $313,677.28.  In  1900  this  product  increased  to  18,354,726  pounds,  having 
a  value  of  $2,514,597.46,  about  350  per  cent,  advance  in  pounds,  and  nearly 
700  per  cent,  advance  in  value.  The  silver  product  advanced  during  the  same 
period  from  7,561,971  ounces  to  10,196,818  ounces. 

Much  gratification  is  felt  over  the  prominent  place  Utah  is  taking  as  a 
producer  of  the  red  metal.  Within  the  past  three  years  enormous  bodies  of 
copper-bearing  ores  have  been  opened  in  some  of  the  older  camps,  notably 
in  Bingham,  where  Boston  capital  has  been  particularly  interested  in  their 
development. 

,  While,  perhaps,  not  properly  classified  at  this  place,  it  is  well  to  present 
here  a  summary  of  Utah  products  for  the  last  year  of  the  century  in  the  fol- 
lowing table,  published  in  the  New  Year's  (1901)  edition  of  the  Salt  Lake 
Herald: 


36  UTAH. 

SUMMARY    OP   UTAH    PRODUCTS    IN   1900. 

Gold * $4,125,220 

Silver...                                6,248,610 

Lead;::          3,122,863 

Copper 2,514,597 

Sheep  and  Wool 4,000,000 

Cattle,  Horses  and  Hogs , 3,500,000 

Wheat 1,848,553 

Dairy  Products 2,000,000 

Fruit '. 1,000,000 

Other  Farm  Products 5,868,800 

Coal 3,140,040 

Manufactures 9,000,000 

Beet  Sugar 1,000,000 

Asphaltum 300,000 

Miscellaneous 1,500,000 


Total $49,168,683 

THE    MINING    COUNTIES. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  county  in  the  State  of  Utah  wherein  some  mining  is 
not  carried  on,  as  the  whole  State  may  be  said  to  be  a  mineral  field.  The 
counties  of  Summit,  Tooele,  Salt  Lake,  Wasatch,  Uintah,  Utah,  Juab,  Millard, 
Beaver,  Piute,  Iron,  Washington,  Box  Elder,  Cache  and  San  Juan,  while 
having  both  agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  are  prominent  mining  coun- 
ties, and  within  them  are  located  the  leading  producers  of  the  State. 

Indications  of  mineral  are  not  wanting  in  every  portion  of  Utah  where 
there  are  mountains,  and  valuable  mineral  deposits  are  being  found  in  every 
portion  of  the  State.  Ores  of  good  quality  are  known  to  exist  in  many  of 
the  isolated  ridges  which  fringe  the  desert  in  Western  Utah,  and  mining  in 
that  section  is  taking  on  a  new  impetus  on  account  of  the  probable  early 
construction  of  a  railroad  to  Southern  California.  For  convenience  in  making 
up  this  account,  the  several  counties  of  the  State  wherein  mining  is  a  leading 
industry  will  be  discussed  separately  in  the  order  of  their  importance. 

SUMMIT  COUNTY  lies  immediately  east  of  Salt  Lake  County,  and  is 
almost  entirely  devoted  to  mining. 

The  mining  field  begins  near  the  heads  of  the  Cottonwoods  and  the  Amer- 
•ican  Fork,  almost  within  sight  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  extends  ten  miles  east- 
ward over  the  first  ridge  of  the  Wasatch,  where  it  is  distributed  by  the 
winding  mountain  crests  which  culminate  in  that  vicinity  over  four  districts, 
the  most  important  of  which  are  the  Uintah  and  Blue  Ledge.  These  are  in 
reality  but  one  district,  being  divided  only  by  a  county  line  to  which  the 
mineral  veins  pay  no  attention.  Park  City,  a  town  of  3,759  inhabitants, 
connected  with  Salt  Lake  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  is  the  principal 
town.  It  has  an  excellent  city  government,  churches  of  various  denomina- 
tions, public,  free  and  private  schools,  various  benevolent  and  other  socie- 
ties, many  large  business  houses,  good  banks  and  an  excellent  water-works 
system,  largely  supplied  with  water  flowing  from  the  leading  mines;  it  is 
lighted  by  electricity,  is  the  location  of  many  of  the  great  mineral  mills  of 
the  State,  and  is  in  every  way  a  bustling,  busy  and  prosperous  town.  Its 
altitude  is  about  7500  feet,  and,  while  in  many  respects  a  typical  mining 
cami»,  it  is  free  from  the  disorder  and  "hurrah"  which  usually  characterizes 
mining  towns. 

The  principal  mines  in  this  county  are  the  Ontario,  Great  Drain  Tunnel, 
Daily  Mine,  Daily  West,  Silver  King,  Glencoe,  Woodside,  Lucky  Bill,  Creole, 
Putnam,  Comstock,  Crescent,  Alliance  and  Anchor. 

Summit  County  has  for  many  years  been  one  of  the  most  important  por- 
tions of  Utah's  mineral  field.  There  mining  is  conducted  in  the  most  prac- 
tical and  scientific  way,  and  as  the  ore  bodies  show  no  sign  of  exhaustion, 
and  new  and  valuable  ones  are  being  opened  every  year,  the  county  will  prob- 
ably retain  its  lead  for  a  long  time  to  come. 


UTAH.  .          37 

JUAB  COUNTY.— In  every  part  of  this  county  mining  is  conducted,  but 
the  principal  production  is  in  and  about  the  mining. camp  of  Tintic,  which, 
in  the  possession  of  rich  mines  and  in  the  amount  of  its  annual  output  ranks 
next  to  Park  City  as  a  mining  camp.  In  Tintic  are  located  many  of  the  great 
mines  which  have  given  fame  to  the  State,  among  which  may  be  named  the 
Centennial-Eureka,  Eureka  Hill,  Bullion-Beck,  Champion,  Gemini,  Key- 
stone, Ajax,  Godiva,  Mammoth,  Lower  Mammoth,  Grand  Central  and 
others. 

A  correspondent  of  a  Salt  Lake  paper  gives  the  following  excellent  de- 
scription of  the  country: 

"The  mountain  mass  in  the  Tintic  District  is  composed  almost  wholly  of 
folded-up  strata  of  limestone,  which  is  also  the  mineral-producing  formation 
of  the  region.  A  thick  bed  of  quartzite  extends  along  the  slope  of  the  range, 
but  the  higher  central  portion  of  this  has  been  removed  by  erosion,  leaving  a 
broad  belt  of  the  underlying  limestone  exposed. 

"North  of  Eureka  Gulch  some  eruptive  rock  (probably  trachyte)  is  also 
found,  covering  a  limited  area,  and  one  prominent  peak  is  composed  of  this 
material.  But  this  formation  is  not  very  extensive,  and,  I  believe,  is  the 
remnant  of  a  once  intrusive  sheet  (lacolite)  between  the  limestone  and 
quartzite. 

"Crossing  the  range  then  from  west  to  east  along  the  transverse  ridge, 
of  which  Eureka  Hill  forms  the  central  and  highest  point,  and  which  fur- 
nishes an  excellent  cross-section,  we  pass  over  a  continuous  limestone  forma- 
tion for  a  distance  of  a  mile  or  more  of  strata  standing  nearly  vertical. 

"This  distance  represents  a  number  of  folds,  or  rather,  I  think,  three  anti- 
^linals  and  two  synclinal  folds,  for  I  doubt  if  the  limestone  strata  is  more 
than  1,000  feet  thick,  although,  during  my  short  stay,  I  could  not  enter  into 
details  of  accurate  measurement. 

"The  ore  deposits  are  found  in  vertical  sheets  or  veins,  very  irregular, 
faulted,  and  'pockety,'  as  limestone  deposits  always  are,  yet  following  the 
strata  of  the  rock,  and  consequently  have  a  strike  of  nearly  north  and  south, 
and  probably  a  very  slight  general  dip  toward  the  east. 

"These  limestones  are  highly  crystalline  and  very  hard,  ranging  in  color 
from  a  grayish  white  to  a  dark  blue,  the  latter  greatly  predominating.  For 
lack  of  lithological  data  and  proper  time  to  investigate,  I  am  not  prepared  to 
give  their  geological  position,  but  should  judge  them  to  be  very  old,  and 
probably  belonging  to  the  lower  carboniferous,  or  even  older. 

"I  had  been  told  that  the  ore  deposits  of  Tintic  are  identical  with  those 
of  Leadville,  Colo.,  with  which  I  am  quite  familiar,  and  this  is  to  some 
extent  true;  but  they  differ  in  some  essentials,  the  most  important  of  which, 
to  the  practical  miner  and  prospector,  is  their  mode  of  occurrence. 

"The  deposits,  as  before  stated,  being  vertical,  tunneling  would  be  in 
order,  but  the  country,  being  quite  flat,  does  not  permit  of  this  to  good 
advantage,  and  the  most  common  way  of  prospecting  therefor  is  by  shaft  and 
cross-cuts.  But  as  there  is  no  outcrop,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  where  to 
sink  in  order  to  obtain  good  results. 

"Two  theories  may  be  advanced  regarding  the  manner  in  which  these 
ore  deposits  were  made,  either  of  which,  or  both  combined,  would  probably 
have  given  the  existing  results: 

"First.  The  ore  may  have  been  deposited  in  and  aloiig  the  top  of  the 
limestone  floor  before  the  disturbance,  and  carried  along,  taking  its  proper 
place  in  the  folded-up  strata,  probably  being  altered  to  some  extent  later. 

"Secondly.  The  deposits  may  have  been  made  altogether  after  the  dis- 
turbance, as  a  fault-fissure,  by  far  the  most  common  form  of  vein.  In  the 
first  case,  we  may  expect  the  ore  to  continue  to  the  bottom  of  the  limestone, 
and  there  break  off  abruptly.  In  the  second,  it  may  continue  downward  far 
beyond  the  limestone  and  into  the  underlying  rocks. 


38  UTAH. 

"In  either  case,  I  have  little  doubt  that  the  ore  deposits  follow  along  or 
close  by  the  contact  plane  of  the  synclinal  fold,  and  this  would  tend  to  prove 
the  first  theory,  but  it  does  not  disprove  the  second,  as  the  folding  plane 
would  most  likely  also  be  the  plane  of  faulting  and  rupture  and  consequent 
mineral  secretion. 

"It  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  on  the  surface  the  plane  of  contact  between 
the  various  folds,  but  to  the  practical  and  careful  observer  this  can  be  done, 
and  may  greatly  assist  prospecting. 

"During  the  long  period  this  enormous  limestone  bed  was  being  deposited' 
on  the  bottom  of  the  sea  the  conditions  varied  slightly;  hence  the  composi- 
tion of  material  also  varied  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  and  especially  so  in 
the  amount  of  silicious  matter  it  contains,  some  being  highly  silicious,  *f  a 
light  color,  and  very  hard,  while  the  bulk  is  more  soft,  darker  in  color,  and 
contains  less  silica,  and  these  conditions  still  exist. 

A  thin  layer  of  shale  was  also  formed  toward  the  top,  which  can  be  seen 
in  various  places,  and  may  be  used  as  a  landmark. 

"The  ore  deposits  are,  as  a  rule,  large,  easily  mined,  and  of  a  high  grade. 
******  The  mines  are  not  troubled  with  water,  but 
rather  with  the  lack  of  it,  for  even  those  mines  which  have  reached  a  depth, 
of  nearly  a  thousand  feet  have  none  excepting  what  is  brough  there  by 
human  effort  and  ingenuity.  Most  of  the  water,  for  all  kinds  of  uses,  is 
derived  from  springs. 

"As  the  population  of  Eureka  and  the  various  other  camps  is  steadily 
increasing,  and  more  mines  are  being  opened  every  year,  the  question  of 
water  supply  cannot  be  far  distant,  for,  when  the  section  receives  the  atten- 
tion it  surely  merits,  the  few  local  springs  will  be  far  inadequate.  But  Utah 
Lake,  being  distant  only  a  few  miles,  may  be  counted  upon  to  supply  the 
means;  the  end  can  be  easily  found." 

Another  observer,  namely,  Mr.  ,T.  E.  Rockwell  of  Pueblo,  Colo.,  has  the 
following  to  say  of  the  Tintic  District: 

"I  spent  five  days  there.  I  found  a  lime  belt,  well  defined,  standing  on 
edge,  from  half  a  mile  to  three  miles  in  width,  and  many  miles  in  extent. 
The  line  of  porphyry  on  the  east  and  the  quartzite  on  the  west  is  clearly 
marked,  and  between  these  two  great  walls  there  is  a  vast  lime  zone.  It 
is  best  illustrated  by  a  book  standing  on  its  back,  with  its  pages  turned  up. 
Between  these  leaves  extend,  in  a  course  generally  north,  15  degrees  east, 
great  channels  of  ore.  In  sinking  down  between  any  of  these  layers  of  lime,, 
one  is  liable  to  find  ore,  and  when  found  the  bodies  are  extensive — sometimes 
breaking  off  from  one  layer  of  lime  into  the  adjacent,  but  always  at  some 
place  connected  so  as  to  be  easily  followed.  Necessarily,  this  ore,  through 
leaching,  would  be  found  at  some  depth  from  the  surface,  and  for  this  reason 
it  is  not  a  poor  man's  camp.  But  it  possesses  *the  advantage  of  great  certainty 
of  finding  ores  to  one  who  is  able  to  sink  to  the  requisite  depth.  *  *  * 
It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  quality  of  ore  is  high-grade  and  continues 
in  depth.  It  is  typically  a  high-grade  camp,  although  quantities  of  low- 
grade  ore  are  necessarily  found,  which  some  day  will  be  worked. 

"The  mountains  surrounding  the  place  are  easy  of  access,  and  there  is 
every  facility  for  mining  operations,  which  can  only  be  carried  on  by  com- 
panies and  men  of  means. 

"It  is  assured  that  vast  wealth  is  stored  in  this  belt,  only  awaiting  devel- 
opment." 

EUREKA,  sometimes  called  Tintic,  having  a  population  of  2,335,  is  the 
mining  town,  and  is  well  supplied  with  business  houses,  hotels,  saloons  and 
other  business  institutions.  The  town  is  very  much  scattered,  being  built 
upon  the  surface  of  several  mining  properties,  and  is  at  an  altitude  of  about 
6,500  feet.  The  output  of  the  district,  measured  in  money,  is  something 
enormous,  and  its  shipping  mines,  many  of  them,  have  attained  to  national 
fame.  One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  tons  were  marketed  by  the  following 


UTAH.  39 

leading  properties  during  1900:  The  Centennial-Eureka,  Grand  Central, 
Mammoth,  Gemini,  Godiva,  Carisa,  Ajax,  Humbug,  May  Day  and  the  two 
Swanseas.  A  large  additional  tonnage  may  be  estimated  as  coming  from 
lesser  properties,  of  which  there  are  many.  Tintic  is  a  dry  camp;  the  mines 
are  entirely  free  from  water,  and  the  supply  for  domestic  and  milling  pur- 
poses is  brought  in  and  distributed  by  pipe  lines.  This  fact  has  been 
and  continues  to  be  one  of  the  most  remarkable  features  of  the  region.  While 
in  other  camps  at  corresponding  depths  mine  owners  are  expending  fortunes 
in  contending  with  water,  here  he  is  required  to  reach  into  his  pocket  and  pay 
for  every  drop  he  consumes  in  kitchen  and  mill.  All  the  riches  so  far  dis- 
closed are  in  country  as  dry  as  a  bone,  and  no  one  is  able  to  even  approximate 
the  level  at  which  water  will  be  encountered. 

Other  less  important  but  valuable  properties  in  this  remarkable  district, 
of  which  detailed  notice  cannot,  for  lack  of  space,  be  given  here,  are  the 
Snowflake,  Carisa,  Spy,  Star  Consolidated,  Dana,  Sioux  and  Utah,  Hum- 
bug and  Uncle  Sam,  Yankee  Consolidated  and  May  Day,  Emerald,  Sunbeam, 
Four  Aces,  Showers  Consolidated,  Illinois,  Shoebridge  Bonanza,  the  Joe 
Bowers  and  others. 

The  characteristics  of  the  Tintic  District  are  great  ore  bodies,  entire  free- 
dom from  mine  water,  low  altitude,  the  absence  of  snows,  the  possession 
of  many  thoroughly  equipped  mills  and  the  large  per  cent,  of  gold  and  copper 
present  in  the  ores.  This  latter  characteristic  has  enabled  many  of  the  mines 
to  work  profitably  during  all  the  period  of  silver  depression,  as  the  gold  and 
copper  extracted  was  sufficient  to  give  the  ores  a  market  value  high  enough  to 
justify  their  mining. 

Millions  have  been  extracted  from  the  earth  at  Tintic,  and  there  are  mil- 
lions of  tons  of  ore  yet  in  sight,  awaiting  the  pick  and  blast.  There  can  be 
no  question  that  the  productiveness  of  the  camp  will  continue  for  genera- 
tions to  come. 

SALT  LAKE  COUNTY.— As  Utah  civilization  commenced  in  Salt  Lake 
County,  so  did  Utah  mining.  The  oldest  camp  in  the  State  is  Bingham,  situ- 
ated in  the  Oquirrh  Mountains,  about  twenty-five  miles  west  and  south  of 
Salt  Lake  City.  Mention  has  been  made  in  this  account  of  the  discovery  of 
mines  in  Bingham,  its  early  history,  and  of  the  location  of  the  Old  Jordan 
Mine — the  first  mineral  vein  opened  in  the  State. 

THE  Town  OF  BIXGHAM,  having  a  population  of  2,989,  is  scattered  along 
the  sides  of  a  winding  gulch,  from  the  bottom  of  which  the  gold-dust  was 
washed  in  the  "sixties."  Bingham  makes  no  pretensions  as  a  business  cen- 
ter, being  too  close  to  Salt  Lake  to  enjoy  anything  other  than  local  trade; 
but  it  has  good  hotels  and  stores,  and  its  business  men  do  a  large  business 
with  the  miners  employed  in  the  surrounding  mines.  For  years  the  town 
was  content  with  the  happiness  of  possessing  lead,  silver  and  gold  bearing 
ores  and  annually  presented  a  tonnage  and  bullion  showing  which  earned 
for  it  the  name  of  "Old  Reliable."  However,  all  the  while,  down  below  the 
deepest  workings,  were  sleeping  undisturbed  vast  bodies  of  copper  ore  never 
dreamed  of  by  the  most  enthusiastic  Binghamite.  The  discovery  of  this  rich 
reserve  dates  from  about  three  years  ago,  when  the  owners  of  the  Highland 
Boy,  busy  with  development  for  cyaniding  values,  encountered  the  copper 
bodies.  Then  came  the  great  advance  of  interest  in  Utah  copper  in  Boston 
and  the  organization  of  the  Utah  Consolidated  Mining  Company  and  the  other 
great  corporations  which  have  since  opened  mines  and  built  smelters  in  the 
district.  Bingham  is  no  longer  only  a  lead-silver  camp,  but  has  attained  a 
greatness  on  account  of  its  production  of  copper  which  is  growing  every  day 
as  new  depths  are  reached  and  new  zones  disclosed. 

Speaking  of  the  West  Mountain  District,  by  which  name  the  region  is 
known,  the  Bingham  Bulletin  says: 

"West  Mountain  District  has  in  its  history  developed  but  few  sensations 
calculated  to  attract  the  class  who  are  looking  for  'something  for  nothing,' 


40  UTAH. 

and  who  constitute  the  majority  in  a  boom.  It  has  half  a  dozen  mines,  each 
of  which  have  produced  millions,  but  it  was  by  careful  management  and  able 
direction  that  the  results  were  obtained.  It  has  a  hundred  other  properties 
that  are  either  now  in  process  of  outputting  forunes  or  in  condition  to  do 
so  whenever  the  owners  begin  operations  for  production.  And  there  are 
the  idle  ones,  among  which  are,  without  a  doubt,  some  that  will  prove  as 
good  as  the  best." 

Bingham  is  essentially  a  "poor  man's  camp,"  not  in  the  sense  that  it  is  a 
haven  for  a  man  without  means,  but  as  the  term  is  commonly  used  and  under- 
stood in  mining  countries.  Very  many  of  the  claims  now  showing  mineral 
were  opened  and  made  their  first  shipments  on  grub  stakes.  There  are  many 
idle  properties  in  the  camp,  owned  by  persons  of  small  means,  which,  without 
furher  development,  are  capable  of  outputting  a  fair  tonnage  per  day. 
Many  of  these  mines,  with  the  assistance  of  capital  could  easily  increase 
their  output  to  ten,  twenty  and  fifty  tons  per  day,  as  the  case  might  be,  and 
could  be  made  a  source  of  profit.  One  of  the  characteristics  of  the  camp  is 
the  permanency  of  the  veins.  It  is  said  that  no  prospect  in  Bingham  has 
ever  lost  its  mineral  by  petering  out. 

Mr.  A.  F.  Holden,  manager  of  the  Old  Jordan  and  South  Galena  mines, 
speaking  of  the  geology  of  the  district,  says  in  a  recent  article: 

"The  mineralization  of  the  West  Mountain  Mining  District  is  of  two 
classes:  First,  the  veins  lying  conformably  to  the  strata;  second,  the  true 
fissure  veins,  that  cut  the  strata  at  different  angles. 

"The  first  class  contains  most  of  the  principal  mines  in  Bingham,  and 
it  is  from  this  class  that  by  far  the  largest  portion  of  the  production  has 
come. 

"It  is  probably  safe  to  say  that  there  has  been  over  five  times  as  much  ore 
taken  from  the  contact  veins  as  there  has  from  the  fissures,  although  the 
famous  Galena  and  Winnemuck  are  both  on  fissures. 

"The  main  mineralization  of  Bingham  is  confined  to  a  belt  about  1,500 
feet  wide  by  four  miles  long.  In  this  belt  are  two  beds  or  dolomitic  lime- 
stone, one  about  150  feet,  the  other  about  100  feet  thick.  Both  of  these  beds 
are  highly  mineralized.  On  the  first  of  these  are  the  famous  Brooklyn,  Old 
Telegraph,  Spanish,  Utah,  Old  Jordan  and  Stewart  No.  1  mines,  named  in 
order  from  east  to  west.  On  the  other  belt  are  the  somewhat  less  famous 
Richmond,  Dalton,  Lead  Mine,  Hamlin,  Commercial  and  Stewart  No.  2, 
named  irr  a  similar  way. 

"Above  and  below  these  main  mineralized  belts  are  narrower  beds  of  cal- 
careous shale  and  limestone,  some  of  which  are  mineral  bearing.  On  these 
smaller  beds  are  situated  the  Lark,  Sampson,  Yosemite  Nos.  1  and  2,  the 
Highland,  Petro,  York  and  many  others.  Among  the  mines  located  on  true 
fissures  are  the  Northern  Chief,  Bully  Boy,  Live  Pine,  Galena,  Steamboat, 
Last  Chance,  Nast,  Dixon,  Winnemuck  and  others.  These  are  all  on  fissures 
that  cut  the  country  approximately  at  right  angles  to  line  of  upheaval. 

"The  eruptive  rocks  found  in  Bingham  Canon  and  the  immmediate 
vicinity  are  mainly  classed  under  the  very  cumbersome  and  weighty  scien- 
tific name  of  augtitic-biotite  quartz  porphyrite,  or,  in  miners'  parlance,  simply 
'porphyrite.'  These  eruptive  rocks  have  played  a  most  important  part  in  the 
mineralization  of  the  district.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  largest  ore  bodies  in  the 
bedded  veins  occur  near  large  masses  of  porphyry,  while  the  richest  and 
largest  ore  bodies  on  the  fissures  occur  right  in  the  porphyry. 

"The  fissure  veins  are  younger  than  the  bedded  or  contact  veins,  and  also 
younger  than  the  porphyries.  This  is  shown  in  many  of  the  mines  located 
on  the  fissures,  some  of  which  have  been  traced  through  and  across  the  big 
bedded  veins.  In  every  case  the  fissures  fault  the  bedded  veins,  cutting  off 
the  ore  and  vein  matter  in  the  beds,  often  leaving  very  brilliant  'slick  and 
slides.' 


UTAH.  41 

"As  to  the  source  of  the  mineralization  in  the  West  Mountain  Mining 
District,  little  can  be  said,  save  alone  that  it  came  from  the  depths.  The 
lateral  secretion  advocates  would  have  little  consolation  in  visiting  Bingham 
Canon.  The  vast  and  unusually  general  mineralization  could  not  have  come 
from  the  porphyries,  as  is  claimed  by  the  lateral  secretion  theorist,  as  it  is  a 
question  whether  the  mineral  in  the  big  veins  does  not  exceed  in  amount  the 
porphyry  that  lies  near  it.  This  is,  of  course,  not  including  the  tremendous 
porphyry  masses  that  divide  Bingham,  Butterfield  and  Tooele  canons.  But 
the  mineralization  could  not  have  come  from  that  source,  as  a  microscopical 
examination  of  that  rock  shows  it  to  be  practicaly  unaltered,  proving  con- 
clusively that  it  has  been  subjected  to  no  extended  leaching. 

"As  to  the  depth  to  which  mineralization  continues,  we  have  to  show  a 
section  from  the  top  of  No-You-Don't  Hill,  the  discovery  point  of  the  Old 
Telegraph  Mine,  down  to  the  1,500-foot  level  .of  the  Brooklyn,  a  total  distance 
of  over  2,500  feet.  Throughout  that  entire  distance  the  mineralization  is  con- 
tinuous, and  throughout  that  entire  distance  marketable  ore  has  been  taken. 
Further,  there  is  ore  going  below  the  1,500-foot  level  of  the  Brooklyn  in  large 
quantities.  Taken  as  a  whole,  there  has  been  no  diminution  of  mineralization 
for  this  entire  distance,  nor  has  there  been  any  indication  of  any  change  in 
the  character  or  grade  of  the  ore  since  the  sulphide  zone  was  reached. 

"There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  the  present  grade  of  ore  will  be 
found  in  undiminished  quantity  as  far  down  as  miners  find  it  possible  to 
work.  Few  people  realize  the  enormous  quantity  of  low-grade  ore  that  is 
exposed  in  the  bedded  veins.  The  Old  Jordan  Telegraph  vein,  as  the  largest 
lime  zone  is  called,  is  a  wider  vein  than  the  famous  Anaconda  of  Butte. 
There  are  stopes  in  this  vein  still  open  that  are  twice  as  thick  as  any  stope 
ever  opened  in  Leadville,  Colo.  The  fissures,  too,  show  a  strength  of  min- 
eralization second  only  to  the  famous  Ontario  and  Daly  fissures.  There  are 
levels  nearly  a  mile  in  length  on  one  of  the  fissures  in  this  camp  that  show 
marketable  ore  for  practically  the  entire  distance." 

As  a  lead  camp  it  is  now  the  greatest  in  the  State.  The  largest  gold  nug- 
get ever  found  in  Utah  was  discovered  there  by  Dan  Clays  about  1869,  and 
many  of  the  mines  are  distinctly  gold  mines,  but  gold,  silver  and  lead  are 
associated  in  most  of  the  properties.  The  Interior  Deparment  at  Wash- 
ington completed  in  1900  a  survey  of  the  camp.  This  will  be  distributed  in  the 
autumn  of  1901,  and  promises  to  be  of  much  interest  to  the  miner  and 
student. 

Electrical  energy  is  now  conveyed  to  Bingham  by  one  of  the  big  com- 
panies in  the  Salt  Lake  Valley,  and  the  power  thus  secured  is  of  great  value  in 
the  treatment  of  ores  by  electrical  methods,  and  effects  a  great  saving  to  the 
miners  and  mine  owners  of  the  district  in  displacing  fuel  for  the  creation  of 
power. 

The  number  of  important  mines  in  this  district  is  so  great  that  no  attempt 
will  be  made  to  discuss  them  severally.  Reference  has  been  made  to  a  few  of 
the  principal  properties  in  order  that  an  idea  may  be  had  of  the  character  and 
value  of  the  ore  bodies.  Bingham  has  never  abated  her  mineral  production, 
and  will  continue  for  a  long  time  to  be  one  of  the  leading  camps  of  the  State. 
The  camp  has  good  railroad  facilities,  and  is  convenient  to  the  smelters  in  the 
Salt  Lake  Valley. 

ALTA.— This  region  lies  in  the  heart  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  at  an 
elevation  of  8,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In  early  days  the  camp  was 
so  prosperous  that  a  railroad  was  built  to  Sandy,  a  point  in  the  valley  eigh- 
teen miles  distant.  Steam  as  a  motive  power  was  used  a  portion  of  the  dis- 
tance; the  remainder  of  the  distance  mules  were  employed  to  draw  up  the 
cars,  which,  when  loaded,  were  returned  a  portion  of  the  way  by  gravity.  The 
region  embraces  all  of  the  glacial  basins  which  head  in  the  heart  of  the 
mountains  around  Clayton's  Peak.  There  are  included  within  it  the  mining 
districts  of  Big  Cottonwood,  Little  Cottonwood,  American  Fork  and  Draper- 


42  UTAH. 

yille.  The  mineral  deposits  were  first  discovered  by  General  Connor  in  1864. 
There  are  some  6,000  mining  claims  recorded  in  this  region,  and  the  ores  are 
chiefly  lead  and  silver,  although  considerable  quantities  of  gold  have  been 
taken  out. 

THE  EMMA  MINE,  famous  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  is  located  here. 
It  was  discovered  in  1868,  and  sold  later  in  England  for  several  million  dol- 
lars. Almost  equally  famous  is 

THE  FLAGSTAFF  MINE,  which  is  on  the  same  general  vein  as  the  Emma. 
The  ore  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  the  Emma,  and  occurs  in  the  same 
way.  The  production  of  this  mine  in  he  past  has  been  very  great.  Another 
well-known  property  at  Alta  is 

THE  MAXFIELD;  for  years  shipped  ores  regularly,  and  was  oper- 
ated without  machinery.  Of  such  famous  mines  as  the  Emma,  Flag- 
staff, Joab  Lawrence,  Miller,  .Prince  of  Wales,  Reed  &  Benson,  etc., 
much  of  interest  could  be  written  if  space  did  not  forbid.  "Work  has 
never  ceased  altogether,  however,  although  it  has  ceased  on  hundreds 
of  prospects  and  on  scores  of  mines.  This  is  due  to,  the  same  inci- 
dents that  everywhere  embarrass  mining — lack  of  means  being  the  prin- 
cipal. It  takes  a  mine  to  make  a  mine,  Spaniards  say,  and  it  is  true.  Some 
of  our  greatest  mines  would  now  be  dead  and  unknown  had  they  not  at  an 
early  stage  passed  into  the  hands  of  men  of  ample  means;  men  able  to  put 
in  a  good  deal  of  money  before  they  took  any  out.  There  ought  to  be  200 
producing  mines  around  Alta,  and  some  day  there  will  be.  Some  accidental 
strike  will  call  attention  to  this  mining  ground,  so  accessible  from  the  valley; 
men  will  again  flock  in  there;  work  will  be  resumed  on  properties  partially 
developed  by  men  full  of  pluck  and  with  means.  Fifty  mines  might  be  named 
in  the  district  that  need  nothing  but  work  and  exploitation  to  become  profit- 
able producers.  And  there  are  four  times  fifty  more,  probably  equally  meri- 
torious, which  have  never  been  worked  enough  to  be  known. 

The  revival  of  mining  which  has  taken  place  all  over  Utah  within  the  past 
two  years  has  been  particularly  manifest  in  the  Cotton  woods  £.nd  the  sur- 
rounding mineral  region,  and  the  districts  of  the  region  are  commencing  to 
take  on  some  of  the  life  and  bustle  which  characterized  them  in  the  heyday  of 
their  prosperity  years  ago.  The  accessibility  from  the  valley  of  these  mines 
and  the  facilities  which  are  furnished  for  the  treatment  of  ores  by  near-by 
smelters  make  this  region  particularly  attractive  to  the  miner  and  pros- 
pector. It  has  been  the  history  of  mining  that  but  few  mining  camps  reach 
their  greatest  production  during  the  era  of  first  discoveries.  The  salvation 
of  their  ores  is  frequently  dependent,  like  the  salvation  of  the  soul,  upon  a 
new  birth.  Leadville  has  passed  through  three  seasons  of  activity,  each  re- 
sulting from  the  discovery  of  the  precious  metals  in  new  form.  Aspen  had 
her  second  coming  as  the  result  of  unexpected  discoveries  on  Aspen  Mountain. 
Cripple  Creek  was  first  given  to  fame  as  Mount  Pisgah,  and  was  abandoned 
and  almost  forgotten  when  lucky  finds  built  Cripple  Creek  on  the  site  of 
the  old  workings.  It  was  so  with  Creede,  and  it  will  probably  be  so  with  the 
region  around  Alta  and  "The  Cottonwoods."  The  forgotten  camps  of 
Nevada  are  springing  into  new  life  under  the  stimulus  of  the  hope  of  cheap 
transportation  and  the  certainty  of  the  application  to  their  ores  of  new  milling 
methods.  The  Alta  region  has  produced  millions  of  dollars  in  the  past,  and 
that  millions  more  are  buried  in  the  massive  sides  of  the  Wasatch,  within 
sight  of  the  old  mines,  is  conceded.  Perhaps,  within  this  century,  there  will 
be  another  boom  at  Alta,  and  the  old  camp  will  have  greater  prosperity  than 
ever  before. 

TOOELE  COUNTY.— Stockton  and  Ophir  are  among  the  oldest  camps 
of  the  State.  The  districts  in  which  they  are  situated  were  organized  in  the 
early  days  of  Utah  mining,  and  fabulous  stories  are  told  of  the  production  of 
some  of  their  mines.  The  Hidden  Treasure  was  discovered  in  1865,  and 
28,000  tons  of  the  product  of  this  property  once  sold  for  $988,700.  The 


UTAH.  43 

Chicago  was  once  another  great  mine.  It  has  over  eight  miles  of  openings, 
and  its  total  production  is  said  to  have  been  over  $1,000,000.  Another  mine 
with  a  past  production  of  $1,000,000  is  the  Mona,  which  sold  in  early  days  for 
$400,000.  The  Kearsarge,  another  old-timer,  produced  several  tons  of  $10,000 
per  ton  ore,  and  is  credited  with  a  total  production  of  more  than  $1,000,000. 
The  Great  Basin  Mine,  now  called  the  Honorine,  is  said  to  have  produced 
$3,000,000,  and  many  years  ago  had  nearly  12,009  feet  of  epenings.  This 
mine  under  new  management  is  taking  on  new  life.  Recent  discoveries  of 
copper-bearing  ore  in  its  lower  workings  indicate  that  the  great  bodies  of 
ore  in  Bingham  are  continued  into  this  district.  There  are  some  1,200  min- 
ing locations  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ophir  and  Stockton.  Most  of  these 
properties,  of  course,  are  dormant,  and  await  only  the  coming  of  capital  for 
development  to  become  steady  producers.  This  region,  like  the  region  around 
Alta,  is  destined  for  a  new  birth.  Its  proximity  to  the  mining  camp  of 
Mercur,  where  the  cyanide  of  potassium  process  is  working  such  wonders 
in  the  production  of  gold,  gives  promise  that  the  gold-bearing  ore  bodies  of 
Mercur  extend  also  into  this  region. 

In  a  westerly  direction,  and  but  a  few  miles  distant  from  Ophir,  partly  in 
Tooele  County,  partly  in  Utah  County,  and  within  three  hours'  ride  of  Salt 
Lake,  lies  the 

CAMP  FLOYD  MIXING  DISTRICT,  of  which  Mercur,  with  a  population  of 
2,351,  is  the  central  town,  has  long  been  familiar  to  the  Utah  miner.  In  the 
early  seventies  it  was  called  Lewiston.  The  great  mines  of  that  day  were 
the  Sparrowhawk,  Carrie  Steele  and  Mormon  Chief,  which  produced  large 
quantities  of  silver  within  a  brief  time  and  then  ran  out.  Many  characters 
that  belong  to  frontier  life  were  among  the  early  population  of  Lewiston. 
Bill  Hickman,  later  known  as  a  "Destroying  Angel,"  had  a  ranch  not  far  dis- 
tant, upon  which,  it  is  said,  the  only  thing  he  qould  raise  was  water.  The 
late  Marcus  Daly  built  a  smelter  in  this  gulch  when  the  excitement  was  at 
its  height,  and  R.  C.  Chambers,  ex-Senator  Hearst  and  Tom  McMasters, 
some  of  whom  are  yet  living,  were  his  contemporaries.  Then  came  a  time 
when  the  gulch  was  abandoned,  and  the  ruins  of  Lewiston  and  the  smelter 
were  all  that  remained  to  evidence  former  activity.  The  silver  age  of  the 
district  was  complete,  and  years  were  to  roll  by  before  the  cyanide  process 
was  to  come  and  with  its  magic  awaken  the  camp  from  its  sleep  and  usher  in 
the  age  of  gold.  In  that  elder  day,  when  Lewiston  was  a  silver  camp,  gold 
was  known  to  exist  there,  but  it  resisted  all  processes  of  treatment  until  the 
autumn  of  1890,  when  the  cyanide  of  potassium  reduced  it  to  subjection.  To 
this  chemical  process  the  world  is  indebted  for  the  great  production  of  the 
Transvaal,  and  to  it  is  due  the  existence  of  Mercur  camp.  The  process  is  a 
simple  one.  Even  a  child  can  understand  it.  Given  ores  in  which  the  gold 
is  deposited  in  very  fine  particles,  it  only  remains  to  crush  them  to  the  size 
of  coffee  grains,  place  them  in  vats  and  subject  them  to  the  cyanide  solution. 
This  solution  dissolves  the  gold.  Then  the  solution  is  filtered  through  shav- 
ings of  common  zinc,  to  which  the  gold  adheres.  Then  the  gold  and  zinc  are 
separated  by  fire,  and  that  is  all  there  is  of  it;  and  there  you  have  the  cy- 
anide process. 

Two  great  mines,  the  Mercur  and  Golden  Gate,  now  united  under  the  own- 
ership of  the  Consolidated  Mercur  Gold  Mines  Company,  and  several  lesser 
but  productive  properties  are  the  attractions  of  this  district.  Up  to  the  time 
of  the  consolidation  the  Golden  Gate  was  the  property  of  Captain  De  La 
Mar,  and  although  it  had  many  miles  of  workings  through  tremendous  ore 
bodies  and  a  mill  upon  its  surface  covering  ten  acres  and  said  to  be  one  of 
the  largest  cyanide  mills  in  the  world,  no  whisper  of  its  bullion  returns  ever 
reached  the  public.  Adjoining  this  is  the  former  Mercur  Mine,  which  since 
1890,  by  the  payment  of  $1,481,000  dividends,  has  raised  several  men  from 
poverty  to  easy  circumstances.  The  consolidation  mentioned  was  com- 
pleted on  August  1,  1900,  and  the  new  company  was  capitalized  at  $5,000,000. 


44  UTAH. 

Expert  measurements  of  the  ore  bodies  contained  in  the  allied  bonanzas  at 
the  time  of  the  consolidation  disclosed  the  presence  of  1,500,000  tons  of  an 
estimated  value  of  $8  per  ton,  or  a  gross  valuation  of  $12,000,000.  These 
ores  are  extracted,  transported,  treated  and  the  product  refined  for  less  than 
$3  per  ton,  thus  leaving  a  net  valuation  of  $5  per  ton,  or  $7,500,000  net,  in 
the  consolidated  mines.  •  Since  the  consolidation  143,022  tons  have  been  ex- 
tracted, containing  39,205  ounces  of  gold,  'for  which  $810,427.36  was  received. 
This  represents  the  gross  earnings  for  five  months.  The  distribution  of 
dividends  was  begun  in  October,  1900,  and  $110,000,  the  earnings  of  August 
and  September,  was  distributed.  It  is  estimated  that  the  development  work 
since  consolidation  increased  the  ore  in  sight  to  1,750,000  tons. 

The  great  mill  on  this  property  is  worthy  of  discussion.  It  is  believed  to 
be  without  a  rival,  either  in  points  of  economy  or  in  the  exhaustiveness  with 
which  the  ores  are  treated.  The  methods  employed  are  impressively  re- 
vealed in  the  evolution  of  a  ton  of  arsenical  ore  from  the  time  it  reaches  the 
elevated  bins,  to  which  it  is  raised  by  the  electric  plant  from  the  mine  below, 
until  the  refined  gold  issues  from  the  refinery.  The  ore  passes  over  belt  con- 
veyors into  the  jaws  of  enormous  rolls.  Here  it  is  reduced  to  a  quarter  mesh, 
after  which  it  is  passed  over  Bartlett  screens,  where  the  soft  is  "shunted" 
out,  while  the  residue  moves  through  fine  crushing  rolls.  It  is  then  carried 
automatically  to  the  elevators,  which  raise  it  to  a  second  storage  bin.  It  is 
now  ready  for  transmission  to  the  roasters  by  way  of  automatic  belt  con- 
veyors, which  dump  it  into  the  roasting  room,  where  it  is  given  what  is  called 
a  "sweat  roast"  for  the  elimination  of  sulphur  and  arsenic,  after  which,  as 
an  oxydized  gold-bearing  ore,  it  is  transported  to  a  central  storage  bin  and 
thence  to  the  leaching  department,  where  it  is  placed  in  a  tank,  with  249  tons 
besides,  and  there  submitted  to  the  cyanide  of  potassium  solution,  where 
it  is  robbed  of  its  gold  in  from  four  to  six  days.  Here  we  leave  the  rock  and 
follow  the  enriched  solution,  which  is  piped  into  storage  tanks,  from  which  it 
is  pumped  into  tanks,  where  the  gold  is  precipitated  by  the  addition  of  zinc- 
dust.  The  solution  is  then  agitated  by  a  powerful  current  or  air  and  allowed 
to  settle.  It  is  then  piped  through  a  set  of  filter  presses,  in  which  the  values 
are  deposited.  Once  each  month  the  mud-like  product  is  taken  to  the  refinery. 
Here  the  zinc  is  removed  by  acids  and  the  residue  is  dumped  into  pots, 
whence  it  comes  as  gold  bullion,  950  fine,  ready  for  the  mints.  The  im- 
poverished solution  is  returned  by  pumps  to  the  place  of  beginning,  re-stand- 
ardized and  put  to  work  anew. 

The  payroll  of  this  company  includes  600  persons,  and  $50,000  is  dis- 
tributed monthly  in  wages. 

There  are  other  properties  of  great  promise  in  Mercur,  among  which  are 
the  Sacramento,  Sunshine,  Overland,  Geyser-Marion,  Ingot,  Songbird  and 
thousands  of  locations  besides,  most  of  which  are  to  become  consolidated 
Mercurs  if  the  hopes  of  their  owners  are  realized.  Numerous  mills,  great 
and  small,  dot  the  district.  An  admirable  water  system  traverses  the  town 
of  Mercur  and  runs  to  the  principal  mines.  For  the  geology  of  the  district 
the  opinion  of  James  E.  Spurr,  which  appears  in  a  Government  publication 
entitled  "Economic  Geology  of  the  Mercur  District,"  1894,  is  offered. 

"The  Camp  Floyd  veins  are  true  contacts  of  lime  and  porphyry;  the 
mineralization  occurred  from  below,  that  of  the  silver  vein  through  an 
aqueous  solution,  and  that- of  the  gold  ledge,  at  a  later  period,  through  gases 
and  vapors;  the  region  of  greatest  mineralization  is  the  lower  point  of  con- 
tact between  the  second  or  middle  sheet  of  porphyry  and  the  lime,  and  imme- 
diately below  such  point  of  contact;  the  form  or  state  in  which  the  gold  was 
deposited  has  not  been  determined,  but  it  was  probably  a  telluride,  as  traces 
of  tellurium  have  been  found  in  the  unoxydized  ores;  in  the  oxydized  ores 
the  gold  is  probably  now  in  a  free  or  metallic  state,  but  of  invisible  fine- 
ness; the  mineralized  zone  is  about  1,000  feet  wide  and  of  undetermined 
length.  The  opinion  is  advanced  that  as  greater  depth  is  attained  the 


UTAH.  45 

character  of  the  ore  will  change,  tellurium  will  be  found,  higher  values  ob- 
tained, and  smelting  will  then  be  the  method  of  treatment." 

Prof.  H.  J.  Lane,  of  London,  after  two  visits  to  the  Camp  Floyd  District, 
gives  his  views  in  the  following  language: 

"The  sedimentary  theory,  if  any  maintain  such  a  theory,  as  I  have  been 
informed,  is  amiss  in  the  extreme.  In  the  first  place,  if  such  a  theory  should 
be  sound,  it  would  be  an  easy  matter  for  anyone  to  secure  a  gold  mine  who 
might  be  fortunate  enough  to  own  a  claim  in  the  district,  by  simply  doing 
work  sufficient  to  come  in  contact  with  the  vein.  This  would  be  all  that 
might  be  necessary  to  make  the  owners  bonanza  kings,  and,  furthermore,  in 
such  a  case  the  vein  would  be  mineralized  regular  and  alike,  and  would  carry 
values  in  one  place  just  the  same  as  in  another.  Consequently,  there  would 
have  been  no  choice  as  to  locations  in  any  part  of  the  supposed  sedimentary 
territory,  and  the  thousands  of  dollars  which  have  been  expended  in  barren 
locations  would  have  been  productive  of  as  many  thousands,  and  every  claim 
would  have  been  a  mine,  and  such  a  mine  in  Mercur,  I  consider,  would  be 
a  mint. 

"My  opinion  is  that  the  vein  in  that  district  is  as  well  defined  a  contact 
as  I  have  ever  seen,  with  the  exception  that  it  does  not  lie  as  far  below  the 
surface  as  most  veins  of  its  character,  and,  for  this  reason,  many  have  called 
it  a  blanket  vein,  which  is  in  itself  an  erroneous  idea.  Every  hill  in  the 
district  has  at  one  time  carried  its  portion  of  that  vein,  and  would  today 
had  it  not  been  scoured  away  by  the  action  of  the  elements.  Another  feature 
is  that  the  vein  is  badly  faulted,  and  it  is  impossible  for  a  claim  to  have  more 
than  one  apex  within  its  boundaries,  and  this  idea  has  been  demonstrated  in 
several  of  the  locations,  some  of  which  exhibit  as  many  as  three  apexes.  In 
other  words,  every  fault  has  its  own  apex  somewhere,  and  several  of  these 
may  occur  in  one  location. 

"I  have  seen  some  useless  work  done  where  the  vein  is  evidently  faulted 
or  broken,  and  this  I  deplore.  The  Camp  Floyd  District  so  much  resembles 
fhe  Johannesburg  country,  where  we  have  learned  where  and  where  not  the 
vein  is  mineralized,  and  its  source  of  values,  that  the  country  in  Mercur 
looks  very  natural  and  familiar  to  me.  It  may  interest  those  who  are  inter- 
ested in  Mercur  to  know  where  we  find  our  source  of  values.  In  Johannes- 
burg we  have  a  large  porphyry  dyke  cutting  the  formation  from  east  to 
west,  and  it  is  from  the  overflow  or  offshoots  from  the  porphyry  that  we 
find  our  values — that  is,  in  the  channels  from  the  porphyry.  These  channels 
are  or  were  the  channels  of  hot  sulpho-saline  and  alco-saline  w^ater  that 
formerly  contained  the  gold  in  solution,  and  this  accounts  for  the  mineraliza- 
tion of  the  lime  in  some  places,  which  may  penetrate  to  a  great  depth.  This 
should  always  occur  on  the  foot-wall  and  near  the  porphyry  dyke,  where,  in 
South  Africa,  we  find  our  highest  values.  Where  we  find  our  values  distant 
from  the  dyke  it  is  nearly  always  on  some  feeders  that  ultimately  lead  to 
the  porphyry. 

"My  observations  in  Mercur  lead  me  to  the  conclusion  that  the  conditions 
are  identical,  with  the  single  exception  that  the  values  here  are  greater  than 
in  Johannesburg.  The  slates  and  talcs  are  similar,  and  in  the  Mercur  you 
have  the  same  oxydized  arsenical  ores  that  we  have  in  South  Africa.  In  the 
basins  and  near  the  porphyry  is  where  you  may  expect  to  find  your  greatest 
values,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  leaving  the  channels.  I  may  say 
that  these  channels  and  the  general  ore  zone  is  much  longer  and  wider  than 
ours  in  Johannesburg.  The  upper  part  of  the  vein  is  porphyry  and  talc,  the 
ore  lying  below  the  porphyry,  and  in  many  instances  being  mineralized  to 
an  extent  equalling  the  values  in  the  true  ores.  These  conditions  have  led 
some  to  believe  that  there  are  two  veins,  but  this  is  a  mistaken  idea,  the  min- 
eralized porphyry  having  been  accepted  as  a  vein.  In  other  words,  the  vein 
and  the  ore  bodies  may  lie  distinct  from  each  other." 


46  UTAH. 

Henry  Reeves  Ellis,  of  San  Francisco,  writes  as  follows  of  the  geological 
aspect  of  the  district: 

"There  has  been  a  great  deal  said  in  relation  to  the  Camp  Floyd  Mining 
District,  Utah,  concerning  the  condition  of  the  gold,  and  also  of  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  calcareous  quartz  vein  in  which  it  is  found.  I  had  occasion  to  visit 
the  district  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  town  of  Mercur  for  a  limited  time, 
and  observations  made  under  and  above  ground  in  that  vicinity  led  me  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  vein  is  one  of  replacement,  and  not  of  sedimentary 
deposit,  as  claimed  by  some. 

"The  ore,  or  ore  zone,  if  I  may  so  call  it— as  there  are  two  veins  sepa- 
rated by  a  few  feet  of  mineralized  lime — is  overlaid  by  a  shaly  rock,  and 
underlaid  by  lime,  causing  a  waterwary  through  the  country,  through  which 
the  alkaline  sulphide  solution  passed  carrying  the  silica  and  metallic  sul- 
phides, depositing  them  pari  passu  with  the  taking  into  solution  a  portion  of 
the  limestone. 

"The  fossils,  which  were  enveloped  originally  in  the  lime,  and  now  in 
the  ore,  which  have  led  some  to  think  that  the  ore  was  deposited  by  sedi- 
mentation, are  merely  evidences  of  replacement;  for,  as  the  lime  inclosing  the 
fossils  was  dissolved,  it  was  immediately  replaced  by  the  ore  without  chang- 
ing the  position  of  the  fossils,  and  appearing  to  the  eye  as  though  nothing 
had  taken  place. 

"The  vein  is  of  the  bedded  type,  and  was  formed  probably  while  the 
country  was  flat  or  nearly  so,  and  subsequently  tilted,  broken  and  eroded. 

"It  has  been  said  very  often  that  the  gold  in  the  ores  of  this  district  was 
a  chloride  or  some  other  form  soluble  in  water,  the  alkalies  or  their  sul- 
phides. This  I  have  proved  to  be  erroneous,  and  that  the  gold  is  chemically 
uncombined,  but  is  in  a  metallic  state." 

CHARACTER  OF  ORES.— There  are  in  the  Mercur  District  two  distinct 
classes  of  ores— oxide  and  sulphide.  The  former  is  particularly  adaptable  to 
treatment  by  the  cyanide  process;  the  latter  requires  some  preliminary  roast- 
ing to  enable  the  process  to  fully  extract  the  values. 

PER  CENT.  OF  VALUE  SAVED.— The  ores  so  far  treated  by  the  cyanide 
process,  except  the  ores  of  the  former  Golden  Gate,  have  been  princpally  the 
oxide  kind,  85  per  cent,  of  the  values  of  which  are  saved  in  the  mill.  This  is 
equal  to  the  percentage  saved  at  Johannesburg,  where  the  ores  average  about 
the  same  in  value  as  they  do  at  Mercur. 

One  great  merit  of  the  cyanide  process  is  its  cheapness;  the  mills  are 
simple,  and  the  reduction  materials  inexpensive.  The  cost  of  mining  and  mil- 
ing  the  ores  of  the  Mercur  Mine  during  the  last  year,  it  is  believed,  did  not 
exceed  $2.50,  and  this  included  hauling  the  ores  by  rail  seven  miles  from 
the  mine  to  the  mill.  Where  mills  are  located  conveniently  to  the  mines,  and 
the  ores  are  handled  by  gravity,  the  entire  cost  of  mining  and  milling  need 
not  exceed  $1.75  per  ton.  This  estimate,  however,  has  reference  to  the  oxide 
ores.  Preliminary  to  cyanide  treatment  the  sulphide  ores  require  roasting, 
the  expense  of  which  per  ton  is  conservatively  estimated  at  50  cents,  so  that 
even  the  refractory  ores  can  be  mined  and  milled  for  $2.25  per  ton.  It  will  be 
seen  from  these  figures  that  five-dollar  rock  ought  to  pay. 


THE    DEEP    CREEK    COUNTRY. 

A  large  portion  of  this  marvelous  and  but  little-known  mineral  region, 
destined,  in  the  near  future,  to  be  filled  with  producing  mines  and  teeming 
with  mining  population,  is  located  in  Tooele  County.  Belonging  to  the 
Deep  Creek  country  is  the  portion  of  Eastern  Nevada  which  received  the 
overflow  in  the  "sixties"  from  Pioche,  Austin,  Virginia  City  and  the  other 
great  camps  of  "The  Battle-born  State."  Some  thirty  different  mining 
districts,  each  one  of  which  boasts  of  great  mineral  bodies,  were  organized 


UTAH.  47 

in  this  region  at  the  time  of  the  overflow,  but  owing  to  the  imperfect  and 
expensive  milling  methods  which  then  prevailed  and  the  absence  of  rail- 
road facilities  no  great  production  has  ever  characterized  the  country.  One 
of  the  best  informed  mining  men  in  Utah,  who  examined  this  country  in 
detail,  declares  that  it  contains  more  mineral  than  all  the  rest  of  Utah 
combined.  Although  the  portion  of  this  region  not  in  Tooele  County  is  in 
the  State  of  Nevada,  yet  its  base  of  supplies  will  always  be  Salt  Lake  City, 
and  its  output  will  always  seek  Salt  Lake  for  market  and  treatment;  therefore 
it  may  be  said  to  be  a  portion  of  Utah's  mineral  domain,  and  is  entitled  to 
consideration  in  the  discussion  of  her  resources.  There  are  probably  a  thou- 
sand mines  in  the  Deep  Creek  country  capable  of  a  greater  or  less  daily 
output.  Among  the  mines  now  known  to  exist  in  this  country  are  many 
high-grade  properties;  but  the  country  may  be  said  to  be  famed  most  for  a 
vast  number  of  large  veins  of  low-grade  silver  and  gold  ore.  The  fact  is 
that  the  whole  region  is  interlaced  with  these  veins,  which  only  await  means 
of  cheap  transportation  to  furnish  an  enormous  daily  tonnage.  The  Deep 
Creek  country  is  today  the  only  virgin  mining  country  in  the  United  States, 
and  when  the  railroad  projects  now  pending  are  further  underway  there 
will  undoubtedly  spring  up  within  it  many  prosperous  mining  camps.  The 
chief  minerals  in  the  region  are  salt,  silver,  gold,  copper,  lead,  iron  and 
marble,  and  the  principal  districts  are  the  Grantsville,  Lakeside,  Johnson's 
Pass,  Death  Canon,  West  Tintic,  Omega,  Wild  Horse,  Dugway,  Granite 
Mountain,  Detroit,  Fish  Springs,  White  Cloud,  Glencoe,  Antelope  Springs, 
Aurum,  Centerville,  Schellbourne,  Muncey,  Piermont,  Osceola,  Trout  Creek, 
Clifton,  Gold  Hill,  Dutch  Mountain,  Ferguson  Springs,  Furber,  Spring  Creek, 
Pleasant  Valley,  Kingsly,  Dolly  Yarden  and  Sprucemont.  Salt  Lake  is  the 
present  outfitting  point  for  this  region — the  usual  route  of  travel  being  over 
the  Oregon  Short  Line,  by  way  of  Stockton  or  Oasis,  and  across  the  desert. 
The  latter  portion  of  this  journey  is  particularly  difficult,  and  is  the  barrier 
which  prevents  immigration  and  the  shipment  out  of  ores.  At  this  time  no 
ores  are  being  shipped  except  those  of  the  highest  grade,  and  no  material 
change  in  the  volume  of  output  need  be  expected  until  the  railroad  is  com- 
pleted. Fish  Springs,  in  this  district,  is  the  possessor  of  the  Utah  and 
Galena  mines,  the  former  of  which  has  already  afforded  dividends  to  the 
amount  of  $179,000.  The  Galena  has  paid  an  additional  $78,000. 

WASATCH  COUNTY.— The  greater  portion  of  this  county  is  occupied 
by  the  Uintah  Indian  Reservation,  only  about  200  square  miles  being  under 
white  ownership.  A  portion  of  the  great  mineral  belt,  on  which  the  Ontario 
and  other  famous  mines  are  located,  extends  from  Summit  into  Wasatch 
County.  The  ores  differ  but  little  from  the  ores  of  Summit  County,  although 
copper  is  more  abundant.  The  principal  districts  are  Snake  Creek,  having 
over  200  locations,  and  Blue  Ledge,  with  about  250  locations.  Many  of  the 
hydrocarbon  deposits  peculiar  to  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  State  are 
found  in  this  county,  and  among  them  the  famous  mines  operated  by  the 
Salt  Lake  Gilsonite  Company,  from  which  is  produced  large  quantities  of  gil- 
sonite  and  gum  asphaltum.  This  product  is  transported  seventy-five  miles  to 
Price  Station,  from  whence  it  is  profitably  shipped  to  the  pastern  markets 
for  the  manufacture  of  varnish  and  for  other  purposes.  Owing  to  the  fact 
that  a  large  portion  of  the  mineral  resources  of  this  county  are  within  the 
part  of  it  claimed  by  the  Uintah  Indians,  mining  development  has  made  but 
little  progress  outside  of  the  districts  mentioned.  This  reservation  is  known 
to  contain  many  rich  mineral  veins  which  will  be  worked  when  the  Indian 
title  is  extinguished. 

UINTAH  COUNTY.— This  county,  like  Wasatch,  is  principally  given 
over  to  Indian  reservations.  Gold,  silver  and  lead  ores  are  found  in  strong 
veins,  and  in  the  Bullionville  District  is  located  one  of  the  great  copper  mines 
of  the  West.  So  vast  and  rich  is  this  property  that  Eastern  parties  have  spent 
considerable  money  in  its  development,  and  the  ore  has  been  able  to  bear  a 


48  UTAH. 

wagon-haul  of  100  miles  to  the  railway  for  shipment  to  smelters.  Near  Fort 
du  Chesne,  on  the  Indian  reservation,  some  of  the  largest  veins  of  gilsonite 
and  other  forms  of  asphaltum  in  the  State  have  been  found.  There  is  a 
steadily  increasing  demand  for  these  hydrocarbon  products,  and,  when  the 
Indian  title  is  extinguished,  these  valuable  deposits  will  be  extensively 
worked. 

Here  gilsonite  is  extensively  mined.  This  product  is  chiefly  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  varnishes  and  japanning  liquids.  Heretofore  asphaltum  for 
these  purposes  was  imported  from  Egypt  at  a  cost  to  the  consumer  of  $250 
per  ton,  but  the  Utah  product  has  driven  the  Egyptian  from  the  market.  In 
this  county  gilsonite  is  mined  and  placed  on  the  cars  at  Price  for  $40  per  ton. 

UTAH  COUNTY.— A  portion  of  the  Camp  Floyd  (Mercur)  District,  fully 
discussed  under  the  head  of  "Tooele  County,"  and  a  portion  of  the  Tintic 
District,  treated  as  part  of  Juab  County,  extend  into  Utah  County.  These 
alone  are  sufficient  to  make  it  an  important  mining  region,  but,  in  addition  to 
these  productive  localities,  it  has  numerous  other  rich  mineral  fields.  The 
American  Fork  District  has  been  an  active  mining  center  for  many  years. 
Silver  and  lead  are  the  chief  products,  but  both  anthracite  and  bituminous 
coal  are  found,  and  along  the  western  shores  of  Utah  Lake  are  large  bodies  of 
onyx.  This  onyx  is  declared  by  experts  to  be  superior  in  diversity  of  colors 
and  freedom  from  checks- to  the  imported  article.  At  Thistle  and  other  points 
sandstone  for  building  purposes  is  extensively  quarried.  This  stone  is  of  a 
bluish-gray  color,  has  an  even  texture,  fine  grain,  and  is  free  from  iron  and 
other  elements.  The  regularity  of  the  tint  of  this  stone  and  the  ease  with 
which  enormous  blocks  can  be  quarried  make  it  especially  valuable  for  the 
construction  of  large  buildings.  Asphaltum,  ozocerite,  slate,  marble,  graph- 
ite, granite,  soda,  antimony,  cinnabar,  sulphur,  zinc  and  copper  are  among 
the  other  mining  products  of  Utah  County. 

MILLARD  COUNTY.— The  mineral  deposits  of  this  county  are  but  little 
developed,  but  lead,  sulphur,  gold  and  copper  veins  exist  there,  and  promise 
to  make  the  mining  interests  of  the  county  important  in  the  future.  At  Cove 
Creek  is  found  a  deposit  of  sulphur,  which  in  riches  and  abundance  surpasses 
any  other  deposit  in  the  known  world.  The  annual  output  of  this  property  is 
approximately  1,000  tons.  Black  onyx,  a  beautiful  finishing  material,  is  also 
produced  in  this  county,  and  is  being  shipped  by  the  carload  to  the  East. 

BEAVER  COUNTY.— This  belongs  to  the  category  of  unprospected 
counties.  It  is  known  to  have  general  mineral  resources,  but  the  most  of  its 
product  now  comes  from  a  district  of  which  the  town  of  Frisco  is  the  center. 
Lead  and  silver  are  at  present  the  principal  products,  though  silica  sand, 
suitable  for  glassmaking,  and  white  marble  of  excellent  quality  are  found  in 
abundance.  At  Sulphurvale*are  located  extensive  sulphur  mines,  owned  by 
the  Meyer  Brothers  of  St.  Louis.  The  product  of  these  mines  is  reduced  to 
marketable  condition  in  works  upon  the  ground.  The  amount  shipped  during 
1897  was  835  tons.  But  the  greatest  mineral  possession  of  Beaver  County  is 
the  famous  Horn  Silver  Mine  at  Frisco.  This  mine  ranks  among  the  famous 
properties  of  the  State.  Its  output  for  1900  was  7,437,536  pounds  of  con- 
centrates and  5,287,040  pounds  of  crude  ore.  At  the  smelter  this  tonnage 
resulted  in  3,687,521  pounds  of  lead,  143,208  ounces  of  silver,  678,351  pounds 
of  copper  and  277  ounces  of  gold,  all  of  the  value  of  $402,019.39.  The  divi- 
dends paid  by  the  mine  to  January  1,  1901,  aggregate  $5,290,000.  The  prop- 
erty is  supplied  with  a  concentrating  mill  having  a  capacity  of  200  tons  per 
day.  The  Horn  Silver  has  a  history.  It  was  sold  by  mining  men  of  Utah  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago,  through  Jay  Cooke  of  New  York,  for  $5,000,000 
cash,  and  has  paid,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  list  of  dividend  payments  made 
by  Utah  mines,  which  appears  elsewhere  in  this  book,  more  than  that  sum  in 
dividends.  Its  estimated  output  to  date  is  about  $18,000,000,  and  there  are 
still  such  immense  bodies  of  ore  exposed  in  its  various  levels  as  to  give  the  im- 
pression that  it  will  require  many  years  to  work  out  the  mine,  which,  in  fact, 


UTAH.  49 

seems  to  be  almost  inexhaustible.  Other  notable  properties  of  the  county  are 
the  Washington,  the  properties  of  the  Imperial  Copper  Company,  the  Cactus 
group,  the  Majestic,  the  Blackbird  and  others. 

PIUTE  COUNTY.— Marysvale  is  the  principal  mining  district  in  this 
county.  Discoveries  have  been  made  there  of  veins  of  high-grade  gold  ore, 
and  to  that  circumstance  and  to  the  incoming  of  a  new  railroad  is  due  the 
activity  now  prevailing.  Gold  was  first  discovered  in  this  district  thirty  years 
ago.  At  present  there  are  many  hundred  locations.  The  best-known  prop- 
erty is  the  Dalton,  from  which  some  phenomenally  rich  ore  has  been  ex- 
tracted. The  ore  is  free-milling.  The  Wedge,  Bully  Boy,  WTebster  and 
Glen  Eyrie  are  among  the  promising  properties.  Other  mineral  localities  in 
Piute  County  are  the  Gold  Mountain  and  the  Henry  districts,  and  among 
the  best-known  properties  are  the  Copper  Belt,  Chattanooga,  Great  West- 
ern, Elsie  Dean,  Deer  Trail,  Green-Eyed  Monster,  Crystal,  Cascade,  Robert 
E.  Lee,  Lucky  Boy,  Treasury  Vault,  Clyde,  Wedge  of  Gold,  Blackbird,  Ala- 
bama, Copperopolis,  Rising  Sun,  Fraction  A,  Breckenridge,  Old  Antelope, 
Golden  Queen  and  Sevier.  The  eyes  of  many  prominent  mining  men  are 
upon  this  portion  of  the  State,  and  the  Marysvale  and  surrounding  districts 
will  unquestionably  soon  become  scenes  of  great  mining  activity. 

IRON  COUNTY. — This  county  claims  to  possess  the  most  extensive  iron 
fields  in  the  world.  The  iron  exists  in  a  belt  extending  from  Union  Springs  to 
Iron  City,  a  distance  of  fifteen  miles.  This  belt  has  an  average  width  of  three 
miles,  and  culminates  in  Iron  Mountain,  which  towers  1,500  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  valley.  The  ore  is  said  to  be  over  80  per  cent,  pure  iron.  Captain 
Foxwell,  in  speaking  of  this  deposit,  says:  "If  all  the  lumber  in  the  world 
and  all  the  buildings  were  destroyed,  and  if  all  the  buildings  during  the 
world's  existence  had  to  be  constructed  of  iron,  there  is  one  mountain  in 
Utah  which  would  furnish  enough  iron  for  the  world." 

This  extraordinary  statement  may  or  may  not  be  true,  but  there  can  be  no 
doubt  of  the  immensity  of  this  iron  deposit.  It  is  located  upon  Clark's  pro- 
posed road  to  Southern  California,  and  as  there  are  extensive  coking  fields 
in  its  vicinity,  great  iron  and  steel  mills  will  certainly  some. day  utilize  its 
ores.  The  State  Line  District,  in  this  county,  is  now  attracting  much  atten- 
tion. A  silver  and  gold  zone  are  present  in  the  district,  and  a  prosperous  town 
is  building.  The  principal  properties  are  the  Ophir,  Creole,  Big  Fourteen, 
Gold  Belt,  Johnnie,  Sulphide,  Margaret,  Willow  vale,  Utah,  Burro  and  the 
Sunflower  group. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY.— Utah's  "Dixie's  Land"  is  the  most  southern 
county.  It  has  a  semi-tropical  climate,  and  enjoys  the  distinction  of  possess- 
ing the  only  sandstone  silver  mines  in  the  world.  These  mines  were  discov- 
ered by  Judge  Barbee  in  the  early  "sixties,"  and  then,  and  ever  since,  have 
been  looked  upon  as  geological  anomalies.  Judge  Barbee  found  a  ledge  of 
common  yellow  sandstone,  apparently  barren,  and  similar  in  appearance  to 
the  sandstone  found  in  the  different  portions  of  the  United  States.  History 
does  not  record  the  particular  circumstance  that  induced  Judge  Barbee  to 
search  for  silver  in  the  ledge,  but  it  seems  he  did  search  for  it,  and  found  it, 
and  carried  the  news  of  his  discovery  to  the  mining  camps  in  Nevada,  where 
he  at  once  became  an  object  of  curiosity  and  ridicule.  For  several  years  the 
Judge  was  the  butt  of  many  jokes,  and  the  silver-sandstone  mines  of  Utah 
were  considered  as  interesting  as  the  fables  of  the  "golden  city"  which  Cor- 
onado  is  said  to  have  left  the  land  of  the  Montezumas  to  search  for  in  the 
unknown  country  to  the  north.  But  investigation  proved  Judge  Barbee' s 
discovery  to  be  real,  and  these  same  sandstone  mines  have  since  paid  their 
lucky  owners  over  $1,000,000  in  dividends.  More  than  500  mining  locations 
have  been  recorded  in  this  county.  The  ores  produced  are  gold,  silver,  lead, 
iron  and  copper.  Production  has  been  heretofore  confined  to  the  grade  of  ore 
capable  of  sustaining  the  expense  of  long  wagon-hauls  to  railroads,  but  there 
are  many  hundred  large  veins  showing  low-grade  values  which  will  become 


50  UTAH. 

producers  as  soon  as  railway  facilities  are  secured  for  the  county.  The  prin- 
cipal mines  on  the  sandstone  ledge  are  the  Leeds  and  the  Barbee  and  Walker. 
In  the  early  development  of  these  properties  the  singular  fact  was  discovered 
that  the  depths  of  the  sandstone  ledge  were  filled  with  the  petrified  remains 
of  a  primitive  forest.  These  petrified  trees  were  found  to  be  very  rich  in  the 
chloride  of  silver,  and  have  been  mined  and  milled  for  many  years.  Wash- 
ington County  is  still  in  the  infancy  of  its  mineral  development,  but  the  time 
is  not  far  distant  when  its  output  will  be  very  large.  Some  of  the  principal 
districts  are  the  Bull  Valley,  Tutsegavit,  Copper  Mountain  and  Bentley,  and 
among  the  principal  mines  are  the  Leeds,  Barbee  and  Walker,  Mammoth, 
Black  Warrior,  Dixie,  Savannic,  Cunningham,  Redbud,  Red  Cloud,  Hoot 
Owl  and  Adams.  The  Adams,  Savannic,  Redbud,  Red  Cloud  and  Hoot  Owl 
mines  are  copper  properties,  and  produce  annually  large  amounts  of  this 
valuable  metal. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  establish  the  greatness  of  Washington  County's 
mineral  wealth.  Railroads  only  are  needed  to  insure  the  speedy  and  exten- 
sive development  of  its  mineral  fields.  The  county  will  be  discussed  further 
in  connection  with  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  State. 

SAN  JUAN  COUNTY.— This  county  covers  a  vast  district  in  the  south- 
east corner  of  the  State.  A  large  portion  of  it  is  included  in  the  reservation 
of  the  Navajo  Indians.  It  has  been  little  explored  for  mineral;  but  marble, 
onyx,  lime  and  lithographing  stone,  and  iron,  lead  and  copper  ores  are  known 
to  exist.  Some  few  silver  veins  have  been  located,  and  a  year  or  two  ago 
many  hundred  fortune-seekers  were  attracted  there  by  the  news  of  gold  dis- 
coveries on  the  San  Juan  River.  The  coveted  metal  was  really  found  in  fair 
quantities,  but  the  expense  of  conveying  water  to  the  placers  was  too  great  for 
the  limited  means  of  prospectors,  and  so  but  little  gold  was  realized.  This 
county  is  a  wild  region,  and  the  least  explored  of  Utah's  mineral  domain.  It 
is  said  to  furnish  an  inviting  field  for  the  prospector.  Some  good  gold 
ledges  are  being  opened — notably  in  the  Golden  Queen,  Dream  and  Linn  and 
Duckett  properties.  The  vein  matter  is  porphyritic  quartz,  and  in  the  Golden 
Queen  runs  from  $5  to  $7  per  ton — free-milling. 

CACHE  COUNTY.— The  King  Mine,  in  Blacksmith  Fork  Canon,  thirty 
miles  from  Logan,  is  at  present  making  a  most  impressive  showing.  An- 
other well-regarded  property  is  the  Copper  King.  Still  others  are  the  Ama- 
zon, Blue  Bell  and  Queen  of  the  Hills.  The  La  Plata  District,  in  this  county, 
attracted  considerable  attention  in  1891-92,  but  no  new  discoveries  are  being 
reported  from  there. 

BOX  ELDER  COUNTY.— At  Sierra  Madre  Mountain  have  been  discov- 
ered silver,  lead,  copper,  iron,  antimony,  sulphur,  graphite  and  nickel.  The 
veins  are  of  all  kinds,  fissure  blanket  and  contact,  and  the  geological  condi- 
tions are  similar  to  those  at  Alta.  The  El  Dorado  group  is  a  prominent  one, 
and  other  leading  properties  are  the  Manilla,  American  Eagle,  Samsons, 
Red  Hand,  Aguinaldo,  King  Solomon,  Uwanta,  Cashings,  Vulture,  Mexican, 
Blue-Eyed  Nellie,  Ben  Hur,  Defiance  and  the  Pine  Grove  group. 

The  foregoing  review  of  the  mining  counties  will  inform  the  reader  of  the 
locality  of  the  larger  mineral  deposits  of  Utah,  and  give  him  a  glimpse  into 
the  history  of  the  discovery  and  output  of  the  leading  mines  of  the  State. 
The  limits  of  this  book  will  not  permit  mention  to  be  made  of  every  mining 
district  or  of  mines  other  than  those  that  now  are,  or  promise  soon  to  be, 
great  producers.  Utah  contains  86,000  square  miles,  and  within  this  area 
almost  every  metal  used  by  man  is  found.  It  is  believed  no  other  similar- 
sized  area  in  the  world  can  show  the  same  diversity  of  minerals.  At  the 
World's  Fair,  Midwinter  Fair  and  Trans-Mississippi  Exposition,  Utah's 
mineral  exhibits,  prepared  with  the  special  purpose  of  showing  the  diversity 
of  the  State's  metal  wealth,  were  the  wonder  of  all  beholders,  and  elicited 
the  highest  praise  from  the  several  managements. 


UTAH.  51 

Utah's  mining  achievements  have  been  limited  to  a  very  small  portion  of 
her  mineral  domain.  The  tireless  prospector  is  ever  searching  for  new 
bonanzas,  and  the  full  unfoldment  of  her  mining  resources  will  not  occur 
while  there  remains  a  single  mountain-side  which  his  searching-pick  has  not 
investigated.  Every  day  new  discoveries  are  made,  and  every  year  adds 
new  districts  to  the  list.  With  the  increase  of  population  there  will  be  a 
proportionate  increase  in  the  mining  development  until  Utah's  supremacy 
over  all  other  mining  States  will  be  generally  admitted. 


AGRICULTURE    AND    FRUIT-GROWING. 

To  her  mines  and  miners  Utah  is  indebted  for  much  of  her  past  and  present 
prosperity,  and  to  them  she  may  confidently  look  for  material  aid  in  the 
future;  but  to  the  farmer  her  greatest  debt  of  gratitude  is  due.  It  was  his 
courage  and  labor  that  redeemed  her  barren  wastes  and  made  almost  every 
valley  of  the  State  a  garden  spot. 

From  1847  to  1870  Utah  chiefly  depended  upon  agriculture.  During  that 
long  period  the  energies  of  the  people  were  almost  entirely  devoted  to  the 
reclamation  of  her  arid  areas.  These  areas  they  quickened  into  fertility  by 
constructing  through  them  systems  of  arteries  through  which  the  mountain 
waters  were  made  to  circulate,  and  from  which  the  thirst  of  the  earth  was 
quenched.  Many  years  of  patient  .toil  and  vast  sums  of  money  were  ex- 
pended to  perfect  this  system  of  irrigation;  but  its  value  to  the  State  is 
incalculable  in  the  guarantee  it  furnishes,  for  all  time,  of  the  certainty  of 
crops. 

In  discussing  irrigation,  elsewhere  in  this  book,  the  writer  has  detailed  the 
methods  employed,  so  that  nothing  further  need  be  said  upon  that  subject. 
There  are  four  principal  reasons  why  agriculture  has  been  successful  in 
Utah: 

First.    The  people  are  intelligent  and  industrious. 

Second.  Land-holdings  are  small.  This  was  Brigham  Young's  idea.  Few 
farms  in  Utah  are  larger  than  forty  acres,  and  there  are  thousands  of  farms 
which  do  not  exceed  five  or  ten  acres  in  size.  Under  this  system  all  lands 
are  utilized  for  raising  crops,  and  the  farmer  is  not  possessed  of  more  ground 
than  he  can  make  thoroughly  productive.  Pasturage,  for  which  purpose 
the  Eastern  farmer  devotes  a  portion  of  his  farm,  is  in  Utah  obtained  upon 
the  mountain-sides  where  farming  is  impracticable.  The  valleys  of  Utah  are 
not  so  wide  but  most  of  the  farmers  within  them  can  obtain  the  benefit  of 
these  pasturage  areas. 

Third.  The  employment  of  irrigation  methods,  and  the  impartiality  with 
which  the  waters  of  the  State  are  divided  among  the  people.  Conflicts 
between  individuals  over  the  distribution  of  water  seldom  occurs.  Water 
users  always  recognize  the  rights  and  necessities  of  their  neighbors,  and 
divert  from  the  canals  no  more  than  their  just  proportion  of  the  water. 

Fourth.  The  presence  of  a  home  market  for  most  of  the  products  of  the 
soil.  By  home  market  is  meant  not  only  the  demand  from  Utah,  but  from 
the  surrounding  mining  States.  Much  of  the  flour  made  from  Utah  wheat 
is  consumed  in  Idaho  and  Montana,  and  the  potatoes  and  fruits  of  Utah  find 
ready  sale  throughout  the  inter-mountain  region. 

There  are  no  farmers  in  the  United  States  more  prosperous  than  the 
farmers  of  Utah.  Most  of  them  have  snug  sums  laid  aside  for  a  rainy  day, 
and  all  of  them  have  comfortable  homes,  improved  farming  machinery  and 
well-graded  stock.  The  varying  altitudes  of  the  State  permits  the  raising  of 
a  diversity  of  crops.  In  Cache,  the  extreme  northern  county,  the  hardier 
grains,  vegetables  and  fruits  are  grown.  In  Box  Elder  County,  next  to 
Cache  on  the  south,  strawberries  and  all  kinds  of  small  and  tree  fruits  thrive 
exceedingly  well,  and  the  people  of  this  county  derive  enormous  annual  re- 


52 


UTAH, 


turns  from  their  orchards  and  vines.  Southward;  through  Weber,  Salt  Laker 
Utah,  Sanpete  and  Sevier  counties,  all  fruits,  grains  and  vegetables  common 
to  the  temperate  zone  are  abundantly  produced.  Washington  is  the  extreme 
southern  county,  and  has  a  semi-tropical  climate.  This  region  is  the  "Dixie" 
of  Utah,  and  almonds,  figs,  pomegranates  and  cotton  are  extensively  culti- 
vated. In  this  county  both  soil  and  climate  contribute  to  the  successful 
growing  of  wine  grapes,  and  the  wine  made  there  has  long  been  famous. 
The  cotton  crop  of  Washington  County  is  increasing  yearly.  The  grade  of 
the  cotton  is  equal  to  any  produced  in  America,  and  the  crop  is  sufficient  to 
maintain  a  cotton  mill,  which  manufactures  a  large  amount  of  batting  and 
fabrics  every  year. 

Utah  is  a  mountainous  region,  but  the  ranges  are  broken,  and  the  moun- 
tains rise  abruptly.  At  the  base  of  every  mountain  there  is  a  valley,  and 
these  valleys,  winding  through  the  broken  ranges,  are  the  agricultural  areas 
of  the  State.  Every  county  in  the  State  has  more  or  less  agricultural  land. 
The  writer  has  given  heretofore  a  list  of  the  counties  wherein  mining  is  the 
prominent  industry.  The  counties  of  Cache,  Box  Elder,  Weber,  Morgan, 
Davis,  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  Sanpete,  Sevier,  Piute,  Millard,  Beaver,  Iron,  Cane, 
Garfield,  Grand,  Toole,  Juab  and  Washington,  in  each  of  which  more  or  less 
mining  is  conducted,  are  here  classified  as  agricultural  counties.  The  largest 
and  most  productive  valleys,  stated  in  the  order  they  occur  from  north  to 
south,  are  the  Cache,  Weber,  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  Sanpete  and  Sevier.  These 
valleys  were  once  portions  of  the  bed  of  old  Lake  Bonneville,  of  which  no 
remnant  now  remains  except  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Seen  from  their  sur- 
rounding mountain-sides,  they  present  pictures  of  pastoral  beauty,  such  as 
the  world  does  not  elsewhere  produce.  From  their  center  to  their  extreme 
limits  they  are  checkered  with  farms  and  tinted  with  colors  varying  from  the 
deep  green  of  the  growing  alfalfa  to  the  golden  hues  of  ripening  grain.  Within 
a  radius  of  fifty  miles  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  the  influence  of  the  lake  upon 
the  fruit  produced  is  noticeable.  The  luscious  character  of  these  fruits  is 
said  to  be  due  to  the  lake's  agency.  The  Salt  Lake  peach  is  particularly  af- 
fected by  these  inflences,  and  for  twenty-five  years  has  been  known  far  and 
wide  for  its  delicate  flavor  and  perfect  development. 

Utah  produced  in  1899  in  hay  a  tonnage  of  two  and  one-half  tons  per 
acre,  a  higher  tonnage  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union,  with  one  excep- 
tion. During  the  past  ten  years  50,000  acres  have  been  added  to  the  wheat- 
growing  area,  180,505  acres  being  devoted  to  wheat  in  1899.  The  average 
yield  was  20.61  bushels  per  acre. 


THE  AGRICULTURAL  COUNTIES. 
CACHE  COUNTY. 


Population 
Number  of 
Cultivated  i 
Irrigated  ar 
Unimprovec 
Average  yi« 

Assessed  vt 

(cens 
farm 
irea 
ea 
ares 
•Id  p< 

iluat 

us  1 
s.... 

900).... 

18  139 

3  842 

(acre 

i  " 
jr  ac 

on, 

s)  

73  057 

....                    38  430 

34  091 

re  (bus 

(t( 

1900... 

hels)  wheat  

19  2 

corn  

20  5 

oats  

.  ...  .                          39  6 

barley  

31 

rye  

10  6 

potatoes  

149  1 

>ns)     lucerne  

31 

hay  

1  5 

...$5.243.976 

Logan  City,  with  a  population  of  5,451,  is  the  county  seat  of  Cache 
County.  Since  1890  it  has  increased  886  in  population.  The  city  is  situated 
on  the  line  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  Railway  in  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
portions  of  the  beautiful  valley,  of  which  it  is  the  trade,  financial,  social  and 


UTAH.  53 

educational  center.  It  is  a  thriving  little  city,  and  has  the  municipal  con- 
veniences of  water  and  electric  lights.  Much  wealth  is  centered  there,  and 
there  are  many  large  mercantile  institutions,  with  banks,  good  schools, 
churches,  fine  homes,  substantial  business  blocks,  well-kept  streets  and  all 
the  other  evidences  of  thrift.  Here  is  located  the  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege and  the  Brigham  Young  College,  the  attendance  of  which  is  drawn  from 
all  portions  of  the  State.  The  Agricultural  College  has  thirty-two  professors, 
all  of  whom  are  agreed  that  a  broad  education,  not  a  limited  or  superficial 
one,  shall  be  given  all  who  take  a  complete  college  course.  The  buildings  of 
these  institutions  are  pretentious  in  construction  and  architecture,  and  are 
a  credit  to  the  State.  One  of  the  great  Mormon  temples  stands  upon  an 
eminence  overlooking  the  city,  where  it  can  be  seen  for  many  miles  about. 
This  striking  structure  is  of  white  stone,  and  is  one  of  the  notable  buildings 
of  the  State.  Of  other  churches  every  principal  creed  is  represented.  The 
city  is  justly  proud  of  a  fine  opera-house,  of  its  State  experimental  farm, 
where  agricultural  tests  valuable  to  the  people  of  Utah  are  in  constant  prog- 
ress; of  its  beautiful  school  buildings,  and  the  efficiency  of  its  school  system, 
and  of  the  large  manufacturing  industries  carried  on.  During  1900  plans 
were  consummated  for  the  erection  of  a  sugar  factory,  and  ten  acres  have 
been  selected  for  its  site.  The  factory  will  be  of  the  same  capacity  as  the 
one  at  Ogden.  Estimates  have  shown  the  existence  of  approximately  40,000 
acres  of  sugar-beet  lands  from  which  its  material  may  be  drawn.  The  Her- 
cules Power  Company  is  now  completing  an  electrical  enterprise  which  will 
involve  an  outlay  of  $500,000.  It  has  already  in  operation  a  plant  furnishing 
500  horse-power,  all  of  which  is  utilized  in  Logan.  The  purpose  now  is  to  in- 
crease this  horse-power  many  times.  The  waters  of  Logan  are  used  by  this 
company.  The  primary  intention  is  to  supply  the  local  demand  for  light  and 
power.  The  remainder  will  be  conveyed  to  Ogden,  Salt  Lake  and  Bingham. 
The  aggregate  horse-power  of  this  plant  will  be  5000.  The  altitude  of  Logan 
is  4,507  feet. 

The  fruitful  character  of  Cache  County  will  be  realized  by  a  comparison 
with  other  portions  of  the  State.  The  county  consists  of  one  magnificent 
valley  bordered  by  high  mountains,  which  are  well  timbered  and  snow- 
crowned  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  From  the  canons 
flow  generous  streams,  which  give  to  the  whole  valley  an  abundance 
of  water,  so  that  the  people  are  thrifty  and  well-to-do.  Every  few 
miles  there  is  a  pleasant  town  or  village,  with  a  few  stores  and  some 
industrial  concerns;  but  the  capital  city,  Logan,  has  real  commercial 
importance,  and  is  the  metropolis  of  Northern  Utah.  The  general  aspect 
of  the  county  is  alpine-pastoral,  and  excites  the  admiration  of  all  who  love 
beautiful  scenery.  Six  bounteous  streams  cross  the  county  from  east  to 
west,  while  hundreds  of  natural  springs  rise  in  all  parts  of  the  valley.  Sev- 
eral hundred  flowing  wells  add  to  the  water  supply  for  market  gardening. 
"Wheat,  rye,  oats,  corn  and  potatoes  can  be  raised  in  this  county  without 
irrigation  with  better  results  than  in  any  other  part  of  Utah.  Seepage  has 
done  much  to  increase  the  cultivable  area,  irrigation  on  the  bench  lands  hav- 
ing rendered  the  lower  lands  moist.  Wheat  yields  well,  and  the  hay  crop  is 
astonishingly  great,  while  alfalfa  flourishes  luxuriantly.  Potatoes  and  other 
vegetables  yield  large  crops,  and  are  not  to  be  excelled  in  quality  by  any  in 
the  United  States.  Fruits,  including  apples,  pears,  plums,  grapes,  straw- 
berries, raspberries,  etc.,  are  raised  in  all  parts  with  profit  and  with  very  lit- 
tle care.  Considering  the  fruitfulness  of  the  soil,  cultivated  land  is  to  be 
purchased  very  reasonably — usually  not  over  $50  per  acre.  The  winters  are 
rigorous,  and  the  summers  are  delightful.  Severe  winds  are  unknown. 
Altogether  Cache  County  is  a  most  attractive  district,  the  climate  being 
superb  and  the  scenery  on  every  side  full  of  beauty.  The  neighboring  canons 
are  as  grand  as  any  in  the  State,  and  mountain  streams  afford  excellent  trout 
fishing. 


54 


UTAH. 


There  are  many  thriving  settlements  in  Cache  County,  those  having  the 
largest  population  being  Hyrum,  1,652;  Providence, "1,022;  Richmond,  1,111; 
Lewiston,  955;  Paradise,  695;  Newton,  672;  Mendon,  533;  Hyde  Park,  619; 
Clarkston,  475. 


BOX  ELDER  COUNTY. 


Pop 
Nun 
Cult 
Irris 
Unij 
Ave 

Ass 

ulation 
iber  of 
ivated  < 
jated  ar 
nproved 
rage  yi€ 

jssed  vi 

(cens 
farn. 
irea 
ea 
are 
Id  p 

iluat 

5US   1 

900)  .. 

10,009 

799 

(acr< 

i     ' 
er  a 

ion. 

is) 

23,751 

10,730 

415,345 

;re  (bus 

(tc 
1900... 

hels)  wheat 

12  5 

corn  

19.1 

32.9 

barley    

15.1 

rye 

.  ..                  8.5 

potatoes 

183.7 

2.4 

'         hay 

2.9 

...$4,713,595 

Every  cereal  known  to  Western  commerce  is  successfully  grown,  the  yield 
being  very  large. 

Brigham  City  is  the  county  seat,  having  a  population  of  2,859,  dependent 
for  its  commercial  prosperity  upon  the  great  fruit  and  agricultural  products 
of  the  county  and  the  freight  from  the  adjoining  mines.  The  fruit  season  is 
a  busy  one,  shipments  being  made  from  there  to  all  portions  of  the  West. 
It  is  a  pretty  city,  well  governed,  with  a  beautiful  tabernacle  and  many  pre- 
tentious business  structures,  within  which  all  the  usual  forms  of  business  are 
conducted.  The  lesser  towns  of  Box  Elder  County  are  Corinne,  with  a 
population  of  463;  Rawlins,  454;  Sunset,  369;  West  Portage,  513;  Willard, 
5SO;  Collinston,  340. 

The  county  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  areas  of  the  State,  and  is  especially 
adapted  to  fruit-growing.  It  offers  greater  inducements  for  new  settlers 
than  any  other  county  in  the  State.  The  great  Bear  River  Canal  has  been 
completed  at  an  expense  of  over  $2,000,000,  and  furnishes  an  adequate  irri- 
gating system.  Commencing  in  the  great  Bear  River  Canon  and  running 
through  the  Bear  River  Valley,  the  canal  extends  some  150  miles  through  as 
fine  a  tract  of  agricultural  land  as  can  be  found  in  America.  The  country 
would  undoubtedly  have  been  settled  years  ago  had  it  not  been  for  the  enor- 
mous expense  of  establishing  such  a  gigantic  irrigating  scheme.  The  land 
adjoins  the  famous  fruit-raising  cities  of  Brigham  City,  Deweyville,  Willard, 
and  Honeyville  on  the  line  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line. 

The  Bear  River  Valley  covers  150,000  acres  of  the  choicest  lands  in  Utah, 
proper  irrigation  for  which  is  now  assured.  Large  crops  may  thus  be  de- 
pended upon  yearly,  instead  of  once  in  two  or  three  years,  as  in  States 
where  the  farmer  is  compelled  to  depend  upon  rain.  The  water  supply  from 
the  great  Bear  River  is  unlimited.  The  company  controls  the  water,  and 
the  farmer  is  thus  assured  of  an  adequate  supply  of  the  same  at  all  times. 
The  land  is  adapted  to  raising  all  kinds  of  fruits,  especially  peaches,  apricots, 
cherries,  plums,  strawberries,  raspberries  and  prunes,  while  wheat,  oats,  bar- 
ley and  all  kinds  of  roots  and  garden  truck  grow  splendidly. 

In  this  county  considerable  attention  is  also  paid  to  small  farming,  dairy- 
fng,  cattle  and  sheep  raising.  The  latter  industry  is  of  special  importance, 
and  the  sale  of  wool  and  mutton  is  one  of  the  great  sources  of  revenue.  The 
western  portion  of  the  county  is  especially  adapted  for  grazing  of  sheep  in  the 
winter,  and  it  is  estimated  that  not  less  than  100,000  sheep  are  wintered  there 
annually. 


UTAH. 


WEBER    COUNTY. 
Population  (census  1900) 25,239 


Number  of  farms. 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 

Irrigated  area  

Unimproved  area   "      

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat... 

corn 

oats 

barley... 

rye 

potatoes, 
(tons)     lucerne. 


hay.. 


1,175 
27,942 
24,162 
33,133 
24.5 
25.1 
37.6 
30.3 
11.5 
157.5 
3.1 
1.8 


valuation,  1900 $10,726,438 

Weber  County,  second  in  wealth  and  population  in  Utah,  contains  500 
square  miles,  and  is  diversified  by  mountain  and  valley,  affording  fine  grazing 
land  for  horses,  cattle  and  sheep  in  the  mountain  districts.  The  valley  lands  are 
among  the  richest  in  Utah,  and  comprise  about  200  square  miles  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake  Valley,  lying  between  the  Wasatch  Mountains  and  the  shores  of 
the  Great  Salt  Lake.  This  area  is  watered  by  canals  taken  from  Ogden  and 
Weber  rivers,  and  by  other  canals  supplied  from  springs  rising  in  the  valley. 
East  of  the  Wasatch  Range,  and  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  lies  Ogden 
Valley,  six  miles  wide  and  twelve  miles  long,  rich  and  fertile,  but  as  it  is 
much  higher  than  Salt  Lake  Valley,  it  is  not  so  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of 
fruit.  The  natural  wealth  of  Weber  County  may  be  divided  up  as  follows: 
Agriculture,  horticulture,  grazing  or  stock-raising,  mines  and  mining,  and 
great  natural  advantages  of  water-power  and  favorable  location  for  manu- 
facture. 

In  agriculture  there  has  been  uninterrupted  success  for  forty-five  years  in 
the  production  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  corn,  potatoes,  cabbage,  turnips, 
carrots,  mangel-wurzel,  sugar-cane,  celery,  onions,  tomatoes,  cucumbers, 
and  every  other  product  of  the  field  or  garden.  Flax,  hemp,  timothy  hay, 
blue  grass,  lucerne,  red  top  and  clover  are  successfully  raised. 

The  growing  of  sugar-beets  has  become  within  the  past  two  years  the 
occupation  of  many  farmers.  This  is  due  to  the  operation  at  Ogden  of  a 
great  sugar  works,  which  during  the  year  1900  ranked  second  in  output  to 
the  Lehi  mills. 

All  the  fruits  common  to  temperate  regions  are  grown  in  Weber,  and  the 
revenue  from  orchard,  bush  and  vine  is  large.  Portions  of  the  county  are 
specially  adapted  to  grazing,  in  that  the  shelter  for  stock  is  adequate  and  the 
bunch  grass  peculiar  to  the  mountain-sides  and  valley  is  an  excellent  feed. 
The  value  of  the  stock  interests  are  represented  by  millions  of  dollars.  The 
population  of  the  county  is  25,239,  of  which  16,313  reside  in  Ogden,  the  seat 
of  county  goernment.  Other  lesser  towns  are  Huntsville,  population  1,022; 
North  Ogden,  850;  Plain  City,  829;  West  Weber,  822;  Wilson,  650;  Hooper, 
886. 


OGDEX    CITY 

Is  the  second  city  of  Utah,  and  as  a  commercial,  railway,  financial, 
educational  and  social  center  is  prominent  among  the  cities  of  the 
West.  Its  location  is  a  most  beautiful  one.  The  picturesque  peaks  of  the 
Wasatch  and  the  fertile  Salt  Lake  Valley  frame  in  the  city.  Through  its 
outskirts  flow  the  waters  of  the  Ogden  and  Weber  rivers  to  their  meeting 
place,  just  beyond  the  limits.  All  that  charms  the  eye  Ogden  possesses  pre- 
eminently. Leading  into  it  is  Ogden  Canon,  the  place  of  its  great  electric- 
power  plant  and  its  most  beautiful  drive.  This  canon  for  sublimity  of 
scenery  has  no  rival  in  Utah. 


56  UTAH. 

The  founding  of  Ogden  is  credited  to  Capt.  James  Brown  of  the  Mormon 
Batallion,  who  settled  on  its  site  in  1849.  Its  real  beginning  was  when  the 
Union  and  Central  Pacific  railroads  were  joined  and  trans-continental  traf- 
fic over  those  great  highways  commenced. 

Today  it  is  far  beyond  the  experimental  stage —  a  city  of  schools,  churches, 
important  manufactories  and  wealthy  business  concerns.  Its  retail  trade 
reaches  into  all  the  neighboring  towns,  and  its  wholesalers  cover  with  their 
agents  the  intermountain  country.  Of  railroads  Ogden  has  the  Union  Pa- 
cific, Central  Pacific,  Oregon  Short  Line  and  Rio  Grande  Western  and  a 
good  union  depot.  One  of  the  most  expensive  and  effective  electric  plants 
in  the  West,  with  a  capacity  to  furnish  5,000  electrical  horse-power,  has  for 
its  generating  force  the  waters  of  Ogden  River.  This  plant  is  located  three 
miles  from  the  city,  and  the  energy  produced  is  employed  in  various  ways 
in  the  city,  the  surplus  being  transmitted  to  Salt  Lake. 

In  the  autumn  of  1898  began  in  Ogden  the  operation  of  a  great  sugar 
factory,  representing  a  total  cost  of  $500,000.  Twenty-eight  thousand  tons 
of  beets  were  milled  during  1900,  for  which  the  farmers  received  $4.25  per 
ton,  and  from  which  5,800,000  pounds  of  refined  sugar  of  the  total  value  of 
$290,000  were  turned  out. 

In  the  way  of  educational  institutions  Ogden  has  the  Weber  Stake  Acad- 
emy, the  Sacred  Heart  Academy,  St.  Joseph's  School  for  Boys,  the  Inter- 
mountain  Business  College  and  numerous  modern  public-school  buildings. 
The  school  population  is  5,000,  and  many  teachers  are  employed.  Nine  miles 
north  of  the  city  are  excellent  hot  springs,  and  the  Great  Salt  Lake  furnishes 
nearby  summer  bathing. 

One  of  the  great  advantages  enjoyed  by  Ogden  is  the  residence  there  of 
railroad  men,  whose  number  is  estimated  at  1,500.  All  trans-continental 
passengers  and  freight  are  transferred  here,  and  here  are  made  up  the  north, 
east,  south  and  west  bound  trains. 

A  leading  industry  of  Ogden  and  Weber  County  is  the  canning  of  toma- 
toes and  general  fruits.  There  are  a  number  of  these  canneries,  having  an 
aggregate  capacity  of  several  hundred  thousand  cans  of  fruit  and  tomatoes 
per  annum. 

Of  manufacturing  institutions  there  are  two  foundries,  four  wagon  and 
carriage  factories,  a  tannery,  three  sash  and  door  factories,  one  woolen  mill, 
one  box  factory,  three  flour  mills,  one  pressed-brick  plant,  one  pipe  and  tile 
works,  four  brick-yards,  one  brewery,  one  vinegar  and  pickle  works,  one 
soap  works,  one  cracker  factory  and  numerous  smaller  institutions. 

The  wholesale  business  of  Ogden  for  1900  is  estimated  at  $10,800,000.  Of 
banks  there  are  five,  concerning  wliich  the  following  figures  are  given  by  the 
Salt  Lake  Tribune  of  January  1,  1901:  Total  capital,  $560,000;  deposits, 
$2,849,938. 

Efficient  telephone  and  street-railway  systems  are  in  operation,  and  an 
ample  water-works  system  distributes  pure  water  from  an  adjoining  moun- 
tain stream. 

Besides  all  these  things  Ogden  has  three  enterprising  newspapers,  one  of 
which  is  a  daily,  two  first-class  hotels,  thoroughly  modern,  a  public  library, 
a  school  for  the  deaf  and  blind,  two  clubs,  several  lodges  of  secret  societies, 
the  State  Industrial  School,  and  churches  of  almost  every  denomination. 
Thus  equipped,  the  thriving  little  city  enters  the  new  century  certain  of  the 
achievements  which  always  follow  the  work  of  the  enterprising  people  of 
well-situated  towns.  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  expect,  now  that  new  rail- 
roads are  coming  into  the  intermountain  country  and  Utah's  great  develop- 
ment has  fairly  set  in,  that  Ogden  will  double  'its  population  within  the  next 
decade. 


UTAH. 


57 


MORGAN    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 2,045 

Number  of  farms 350 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 6,321 


Irrigated  area 

Unimproved  area    "      ....................... 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat  — 

oats  ...... 

barley... 

potatoes. 

lucerne.. 

hay  ...... 


(tons) 


Assessed  valuation,  1900 


5,856 
13,707 
33 
41.8 
30.5 
218.3 
3 

2.1 
$803,506 


This  little  county  occupies  a  district  through  which  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
way passes,  between  Ogden  and  Echo.  It  is  extremely  mountainous  in  char- 
acter, but  the  Weber  Valley,  with  its  several  towns,  Morgan,  P.eterson  and 
Croydon,  is  a  delightful  relief,  and  the  limited  amount  of  land  which  there  is 
under  cultivation  yields  good  returns.  Wheat,  oats,  barley,  potatoes  and 
some  small  fruit  are  the  principal  products.  The  towns  being  within  easy 
reach  of  Ogden  and  Salt  Lake  City,  the  produce  of  the  county  is  easily  mar- 
keted at  good  figures.  Cultivated  land  is  worth  $75  and  more  per  acre. 

Morgan  is  the  county  seat. 


DAVIS    COUNTY. 


Pop 

Nun 
Cult 
Irrij 
Unii 
Ave 

illation 
iber  of 
ivated  { 
*ated  ar 
nprovec 
rage  yie 

(cens 
farm 
irea 
ea 
are 
Id  p< 

us  1 

s 

900) 

7,966 

879 

(acr< 

i  ' 

jr  a 

is) 

25  347 

14,407 

12123 

re  (bushels)  wheat 

20  7 

corn  

23.1 

oats 

37  7 

barley    .... 

33  6 

rye  

8 

potatoes 

158 

(tons)     lucerne  

2.4 

"         hay... 

1.9 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $3,559,179 

In  population  and  fertility  Davis  ranks  high  in  the  list  of  Utah  coun- 
ties. It  lies  along  the  eastern  short  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  and  the 
western  face  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains.  From  its  county-seat — Farm- 
ington — Salt  Lake  and  Ogden  are  about  equi-distant.  Practically  all  of 
its  250  square  miles  are  under  cultivation,  and  not  under  ordinary  cul- 
tivation, either.  It  is  doubtful  whether  anywhere  else  in  the  irrigated  re- 
gions of  the  world  farming  lands  have  reached  a  higher  state  of  develop- 
ment than  the  lands  of  this  valley.  One  feature  of  its  topography  is  Church 
Island,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  interesting  of  the  islands  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake.  Some  day  this  island  will  be  a  great  summer  watering-place, 
but  now  it  is  given  up  largely  to  the  grazing  of  cattle.  Cultivated  land  in 
Davis  County  is  worth  as  much  as  $200  an  acre.  This  is  due  to  its  great  fer- 
tility and  to  the  circumstance  that  the  county  is  the  market  garden  of  Salt 
Lake  City.  All  of  the  settlements  in  the  county  are  connected  by  good  roads, 
as  well  as  by  rail,  with  the  Utah  capital,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  garden 
products  found  in  the  city's  markets  are  raised  in  Davis  County.  Marvelous 
stories  are  told  of  the  productiveness  of  single  acres.  Here  is  a  list  of  the 
yield  per  acre  of  garden  products,  with  prices  of  each,  averaged  for  two  years: 

Market  gardening  in  Bountiful,  Davis  County,  yield  per  acre  and  average 
price  for  two  years: 


58 


UTAH. 


14,000  heads,  @  $  .02     per  head,     $280.00 

Early  Cabbage 12,000  .05  600.00 

Early  Cauliflower 7,260  .10  726.00 

Onions 600  bu.,             .75  bu.,       450.00 

Parsnips    .               1,800  .25  450.00 

CaSots. IISOO  .20  360.00 

Tomatoes 2,250  .40 

Potatoes 350  .75  262.50 

Large  Peas 306  1.00  306.00 

Small  Peas 200  1.25  250.00 

Green  Beans 400  .90  360.00 

Cucumbers 250  .50  125.00 

Asparagus 5,500  Ibs.,             ,08  lb.,        440.00 

Rhubarb 7,000  "               .01%  "          105.00 

Corn...                                           .  2,420  doz.,             .08  doz.,       242.00 

Celery 30,000  stalks,          .03  stalk,        90.00 

Cantaloupe 1,814  doz.,     '      .60  doz.,     1,088.40 

Watermelons 862  "         '      .40  344.80 

Yield  per  Acre  and  highest  market  price  in  the  early  part  of  the  season: 

Lettuce .  14,000  heads,  @  $  .02y2  $310.00 

Cabbage 21,000  "       "       .10  120.00 

Cauliflower 7,260  "  .15  1,089.00 

Onions 600  bu.,  1.50  900.00 

Parsnips ,  1,800  "  *\40  720.00 

Carrots -   1,800  "  .25  450.00 

Asparagus 5,500  Ibs.,  .12%  687.50 

Rhubarb 7,000  "  .05  350.00 

Corn 2,420  doz.,  .20  484.00 

Tomatoes 2,250  bu.,  2.00  4,500.00 

Celery 30,000  heads,  .06  1,800.00 

Cantaloupe 1,814  doz.,  2.00  3,628.00 

Watermelons 862  "  1.50  1,298.00 

Large  Peas 300  bu.,  1.25  375.00 

Small  Peas 200  "  2.00  400.00 

Green  Beans 300  "  3.00  900.00 

Cucumbers 350  "  2.00  700.00 

Potatoes 350  "  2.00  700.00 

The  above  figures  were  compiled  by  Ephraim  Briggs  and  Brigham  Hoi- 
brook  of  the  town  of  Bountiful. 

Of  water  the  supply  is  ample,  being  drawn  from  neighboring  streams  and 
springs  along  the  mountain's  base.  Travelers  to  and  from  Salt  Lake  on  the 
various  lines  leading  to  the  north  have  the  beautiful  spectacle  presented  by 
this  valley  before  them  for  twenty  miles  of  their  journey.  No  more  perfect 
or  peaceful  pastoral  scene  can  be  found  anywhere.  It  suggests  to  the  incomer 
the  beauties  of  the  city  beyond,  and  is  the  last  impression  carried  away  when 
he  departs. 

Besides  Farmington,  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  1,050,  there 
are  Kaysville,  population,  1,183;  Bountiful,  1,680,  and  other  smaller  settle- 
ments. The  climate  is  about  the  same  as  tfcat  of  Salt  Lake  City.  In  this 
county  are  located  the  wells  which  supply  natural  gas  to  Salt  Lake  City, 
and  many  manufacturing  institutions  contribute  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
people. 

SALT    LAKE    COUNTY. 

Population,  exclusive  of  Salt  Lake  City,  24,194;  inclusive  of  Salt  Lake 
City,  77,725. 

Number  of  farms 2,195 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 36,708 

Irrigated  area         "      36,683 

Unimproved  area  "      47,492 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 27 

corn 28.9 

oats 30.6 

barley 29.8 

rye 14.2 

potatoes 150.2 

(tons)     lucerne 3.4 

hay 3.7 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $38  868,099 


UTAH.  59 

Even  if  Salt  Lake  County  did  not  enjoy  the  distinction  of  possessing  the 
capital  city  of  the  State,  it  would  rival  the  most  important  of  other  counties 
in  many  ways.  The  cultivated  ground  is  as  fertile  as  any  land  in  the 
world.  The  results  of  actual  cultivation  justify  this  statement.  Greater 
and  better  crops  have  never  been  raised  in  America  than  on  the  farms  which 
lie  to  the  southward  of  Salt  Lake  City.  This  extremely  productive  region 
is  comparatively  limited,  and  there  are  large  stretches  of  land  on  the  western 
portion  of  the  valley  which  have  not  yet  proven  to  be  so  rich.  From  a  scenic 
point  of  view  the  magnificent  front  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  as  seen  over- 
looking the  valley,  has  been  pronounced  by  great  artists  like  Bierstadt  and 
Moran  the  finest  which  our  continent  affords. 

Salt  Lake  County  has  an  area  of  only  784  square  miles,  but  it  is  an  empire 
within  itself  and  a  center  of  interest  to  the  whole  State.  The  annual  agricul- 
tural yield  is  valued  at  about  $1,000,000.  This  county  enjoys  the  distinction 
of  being  the  first  one  entered  by  the  Mormon  pioneers,  and  the  one  in  which 
the  first  Utah  furrow  was  plowed.  It  has  more  manufacturing  interests 
located  within  its  boundaries  than  all  the  rest  of  the  intermountain  country 
combined.  Although  its  manufacturing  and  commercial  interests  predom- 
inate, the  agricultural  features  of  the  county  are  by  no  means  insignificant. 
Over  36,000  acres  of  land  are  under  irrigation,  and  an  equal  amount  under 
cultivation,  and,  generally  speaking,  it  is  in  high  cultivation.  Besides  this 
there  are  15,000  acres  used  for  pasture.  No  valley  in  all  the  arid  regions 
surpasses  this  in  its  natural  facilities  for  irrigation.  The  water  supply  comes 
from  the  various  streams  which  issue  from  the  Wasatch  Mountains  into  the 
\Talley,  and  from  the  Jordan  River,  which  flows  from  Utah  Lake,  and  the 
whole  area  of  the  eastern  side  of  the  valley  is  one  vast  network  of  canals  and 
ditches.  The  development  of  this  system  of  irrigation  has  accumulated 
moisture  in  the  soil,  so  that  a  far  larger  area  is  now  cultivated  than  appeared 
possible  in  the  early  history  of  the  valley.  It  was  on  the  outskirts  of  Salt 
Lake  City  that  the  climax  of  wheat  production  in  America  was  reached,  in 
a  yield  of  over  eighty  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  kinds  of  crops  have  the  great- 
est acreage  in  the  following  order:  Lucerne,  wheat,  hay,  barley,  potatoes, 
corn,  rye,  orchards,  beets  and  vineyards.  Other  farm  products  consist  of 
butter,  honey,  dried  fruits,  vinegar,  cider  and  wine.  The  county  has  large 
interests  in  cattle,  horses  and  sheep.  The  towns  and  cities  outside  of  Salt 
Lake  are  Big  Cottonwood,  Brighton,  Bingham,  Mill  Creek,  Granger,  Hunter, 
North  Jordan,  Pleasant  Green,  Sugar  House,  South  Cottonwood,  the  City 
of  Sandy,  South  Jordan,  Union  and  West  Jordan. 

The  farms  of  Salt  Lake  County  are  inadequate  to  the  production  of  prod- 
ucts sufficient  to  supply  the  demand  in  Salt  Lake  City,  and  Davis  and  other 
adjoining  counties  are  drawn  upon.  This  demand  guarantees  large  and 
quick  returns  to  the  farmer  for  his  crops.  Salt  Lake  City,  the  capital  of  the 
State  and  the  county  seat  of  Salt  Lake  County,  will  receive  extended  notice 
elsewhere  in  this  book. 

UTAH    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 32,456 

Number  of  farms 2,751 

Cultivated  area  (acres)  (estimated) 86,535 

Irrigated  area                57,397 

Unimproved  area  "      25,037 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 28.1 

"         corn 25.1 

"         oats 37.3 

barley 40.4 

rye 11 

(tons)     lucerne 2.8 

hay 1.6 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 * $10,105,032 

This  county  has  increased  to  its  present  population  of  23,768  in  the  past 
ten  years.  Where  there  are  so  many  wonderfully  rich  agricultural  areas 


UTAH. 


as  there  are  in  Utah,  a  description  of  any  one  of  them  is  applicable  to  all. 
The  traveler  through  Utah,  when  he  enters  the  Utah  Valley,  finds  it  im- 
possible to  believe  that  the  State  can  present  elsewhere  any  more  beautiful 
scene.  The  famed  vale  of  Chamouni  and  the  beautiful  Mohawk  Valley  are 
celebrated  in  song  and  story.  This  valley,  too,  might  well  engage  the  pen 
and  the  muse.  Rimmed  about  it  are  the  massive,  snow-crested  peaks  of  the 
Wasatch.  Almost  at  its  very  center,  glistening  on  the  bosom  of  nature,  is 
Utah  Lake,  around  which,  across  the  plain  and  climbing  up  the  mountain- 
sides, are  little  farms,  divided  now  by  the  silver  ribbons  of  irrigating 
streams  and  again  by  rows  of  tall  Lombardy  poplars.  Scattered  everywhere 
are  the  homes  of  husbandmen,  hop-vined  and  shaded.  What  a  scene  for 
artist  and  poet!  What  a  paradise  for  the  kodaker! 

Any  extended  discussion  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  amount  and 
variety  of  the  crops  produced  would  be  but  a  repetition  of  the  discussion 
of  other  Utah  counties.  It  is  enough  to  say  upon  this  subject  generally  that 
orchard,  vineyard  and  field  yield  every  year  handsome  tribute,  and  that  the 
farmers  all  have  competencies  and  are  content. 

Sugar-beet  culture  is  a  great  specialty  in  this  county,  for  at  the  town  of 
Lehi  there  is  a  great  sugar  factory,  which  is  the  largest  in  the  United  States, 
having  a  cutting  capacity  of  1,200  tons  of  beets  each  twenty-four  hours. 
This  factory  made  during  1900  11,400,000  pounds  of  sugar.  For  every  ton 
of  these  beets  the  farmers  received  $4.50,  and  the  acreage  for  1901  will  be 
10,000.  Utah  is  justly  proud  of  this  factory,  and  the  people  of  the  county 
are  indebted  in  part  to  it  for  the  high  degree  of  prosperity  they  enjoy. 

Provo  is  the  principal  town  and  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  population  of 
6,185,  and,  besides,  there  are  the  following  important  settlements:  Amer- 
ican Fork,  population  2,732;  Lehi,  3,033;  Payson,  2,636;  Pleasant  Grove, 
2,460;  Spanish  Fork,  2,735;  Springville,  3,422,  with  numerous  other  smaller 
places.  These  are  all  prosperous  places,  with  good  business  houses,  banks 
and  numerous  manufacturing  institutions.  All  are  laid  out  with  broad 
streets  and  generous  lots,  so  that  breathing  space  is  ample.  Every  place  has 
its  little  church  and  its  public  school,  and  no  more  moral  or  industrious 
people  than  theirs  inhabit  the  earth. 

Provo  has  the  State  Insane  Asylum.  It  also  has  the  Brigham  Young 
Academy,  a  great  electric-power  plant,  operated  by  the  waters  of  the  Provo 
River,  a  delightful  summer  resort  on  the  shores  of  Utah  Lake,  the  Oregon 
Short  Line,  a  fine  system  of  electric  lights  and  water-works,  two  or  three 
strong  banks,  a  fine  tabernacle,  a  theater  and  business  houses  that  would  be 
a  credit  to  a  city  many  times  its  size.  Surround  all  this  with  scenery  as  pic- 
turesque as  the  scenery  of  the  Alps,  and  nothing  is  left  to  be  said. 

SANPETE  COUNTY. 


Pop 

Nun 
Cult 
Irrij 
Unii 
Ave 

Ass< 

ulation 
iber  of 
ivated  < 
jated  ai 
nprove( 
rage  yie 

issed  Vi 

(cenF 
farm 
irea 
ea 
are 
Id  p( 

iluat 

us  1 
s.  .  .  . 

900)  

16  313 

1  540 

(acre 

i  " 
jr  ac 

ion, 

s)  

34  286 

40  970 

re  (bush 

(to 
1900... 

els)  wheat  

28  2 

corn  

87 

oats  

31  1 

barley 

40  g 

rye  

11  8 

potatoes  

91  6 

as)     lucerne  

..                                 27 

hay  

1  3 

...$3.910.836 

^  Sanpete  is  centrally  locatedj  being  about  100  milej  south  of  Salt  Lake 
City.  Its  altitude  is  nearly  6,000  feet,  and  the  climate  is  in  every  way  de- 
lightful. Sanpete  contests  with  Cache  County  for  the  title  of  the  "Granary 
of  Utah,"  and  it  certainly  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  productive  areas  in 


UTAH. 


61 


the  whole  intermountain  region.  About  five-sixths  of  the  population  are 
engaged  in  agricultural  and  grazing  pursuits.  Abundant  water  for  irriga- 
tion purposes  is  obtained  from  the  Sanpitch  River,  which  traverses  the 
valley. 

Live-stock  interests  in  this  county  are  very  important.  Latest  reliable 
reports  fix  the  number  of  horses  and  mules  at  about  6,000,  cattle  at  12,000 
and  sheep  at  250,000.  The  wool  shipments  from  Manti  annually  reach 
about  3,000,000  pounds.  Such  fruit  as  apples,  pears,  plums,  apricots,  goose- 
berries, currants  and  strawberries  grow  to  perfection.  The  streams  which 
dash  down  from  the  Wasatch  Mountains  in  the  east  of  the  yalley  not  only  sup- 
ply the  farms  with  irrigation  water,  but  furnish  power  for  about  thirty  mills  in 
the  canons,  and  the  pine  forests  of  the  Wasatch  and  Sanpitch  mountains 
make  lumber  plenty  and  cheap.  The  beautiful  oolite  sandstone,  of  which  the 
Manti  Temple  is  built,  is  a  cheap  and  popular  structural  material  for  the 
residents  of  the  valley.  Abundance  of  coal  and  firewood  exists  in  many  places 
and  is  exported  to  the  neighboring  valleys.  Reservoir  opportunities  are  to  be 
found  in  many  places.  Among  the  mineral  resources  of  the  county  fine  pros- 
pects of  silver  and  lead  have  been  opened  in  the  west  mountains,  while  salt, 
gypsum,  lime,  ochre,  asphaltum,  fire-clay,  brick-clay,  alum,  saltpeter  and 
other  minerals  abount.  The  capital  of  Sanpete  County  is  Manti,  settled  in 
1849,  situated  at  the  foothills  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  valley.  Its  population  is  2,480,  and  it  has  fine  schoolhouses  and  a  number 
of  good  stores.  The  beautiful  Manti  Temple,  a  marvel  of  architectural  grace, 
and  dainty  in  color  and  design,  and,  indeed,  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  Mor- 
mon temples,  is  here  located  on  a  point  of  a  hill,  seventy  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  town,  and  is  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  landscape  as  seen  from  many 
miles  to  the  north  or  south.  Manti  is  proud  of  its  fishponds  and  of  its  warm 
springs,  its  clear  atmosphere  and  romantic  scenery,  and  very  justly  claims  to 
be  a  sanitarium.  Ephraim  is  an  important  town  in  the  county  a  few  miles 
north  of  Manti,  with  a  population  of  2,086,  and  with  nearly  all  of  its  homes 
built  of  solid  stone.  Spring  City,  a  few  miles  north,  has  a  population  of  1,135. 
Mount  Pleasant,  with  a  population  of  2,372,  is  the  second  city  of  the  county  in 
importance.  It  has  a  bank,  good  schools, hotels,  a  newspaper,  well-built  homes, 
flourishing  farms  and  enterprising  citizens.  Pairview,  Milburn,  Chester, 
Wales,  Freedom,  Fountain  Green,  Sterling  and  Mayfield  resemble  each  other 
in  their  principal  attributes  of  thrift  and  that  their  inhabitants  are  happy, 
and  contented  in  the  midst  of  plenty.  No  such  thing  as  actual  poverty  is 
known  throughout  the  county.  The  average  wealth  of  the  citizens  may  not 
be  great  in  money,  but  they  have  all  the  means  of  sustaining  a  comfortable 
livelihood,  and  many  of  them  are  nabobs  in  a  small  way,  and  are  sur- 
rounded by  all  the  comforts  of  life  and  many  of  its  luxuries.  Their  lives  are 
passed  in  peace  and  quietude,  in  the  midst  of  fertile  fields,  surrounded  by 
magnificent  mountains,  in  a  healthful  climate.  They  have  good  horses  and 
vehicles,  good  roads,  good  barns  and  haystacks,  orchards  loaded  with  fruit, 
hives  full  of  honey,  cattle  on  a  thousand  hills,  flocks  and  herds  in  the  moun- 
tain vales,  and  if  they  are  not  happy  the  fault  lies  not  in  their  temporal  con- 
dition. 

SEVIER  COUNTY. 


Population  (census  1900) 

Cultivated  area  (acres) , 

Irrigated  area  

Unimproved  area  "      

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat... 

'          corn 

oats 

'          barley... 

rye 

potatoes, 
(tons)     lucerne. . 


8,451 

26,300 

26,300 

21,000 
28.2 
28.7 


13 

129.4 
2.7 
1.2 


Assessed  valuation,  1900. , $1,883,897 


62  UTAH. 

Sevier  County  adjoins  Sanpete  on  the  south.  Its  greatest  agricultural 
areas  are  found  in  the  Sevier  Valley  and  its  tributary  and  along  Salina  Creek. 
Along  the  course  of  the  Sevier  River  are  a  number  of  towns  of  some  im- 
portance, and  between  them  is  a  great  extent  of  arable  and  cultivated  land, 
all  of  which  is  irrigated,  there  being  206  miles  of  irrigating  canals  within  the 
county.  The  land  is  extremely  fertile,  the  usual  cereals  and  grasses  yielding 
well.  The  yield  of  wheat  and  barley  is  unusually  high.  In  the  southeastern 
portion  of  the  county  the  mountains  are  high,  but  among  the  peaks  are 
frequent  plateaus  of  great  extent,  whose  summer  range  for  cattle  is  not 
excelled  by  any  in  the  State.  The  scenery  among  these  mountain  ranges 
is  not  so  wild  as  it  becomes  farther  south,  and  is  relieved  by  the 
view  of  large  stretches  of  timber  and  pasture  land.  Sevier  County 
has  been  well  developed,  considering  its  remoteness.  Building  stone  of 
excellent  quality  abounds  in  the  foothills.  Richfield  is  the  county-seat, 
with  1,998  people.  Like  nearly  all  of  the  other  towns  in  the  county,  it  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  area.  Tradition  has  it  that  a  prehistoric 
city  whose  people  were  attracted  there  by  the  nearby  warm  medicinal  springs 
once  occupied  the  site  of  Richfield.  The  town  has  two  steam  planing  mills, 
a  steam  flouring  mill  and  a  grain  elevator,  besides  other  important  buildings. 
Like  all  other  Utah  towns,  the  streets  are  lined  with  shade  trees  and 
streams  of  mountain  water.  Another  principal  town  in  the  county  is  Monroe, 
population  1,057,  with  its  nice  residences  belonging  to  wealthy  cattle  and 
sheep  owners,  and  its  industrial  enterprises.  Mexican  onyx,  alum,  coal  and 
gypsum  abound  in  the  mountains  near  by.  A  town  in  the  southern  part, 
Joseph,  at  the  mouth  of  Clear  Creek  Canon,  where  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  in 
the  neighborhood  of  undeveloped  mines  of  gold,  silver  and  copper,  has 
a  large  flouring  mill,  a  small  brass  foundry  and  a  pork-packing  establishment. 
Joseph  has  a  population  of  626,  and  is  supplied  with  water-works.  Glen- 
wood,  east  of  Richfield,  population  549,  has  good  water-power,  two  flouring 
mills  and  an  ambition  to  possess  other  manufacturing  concerns.  Other 
smaller  towns  are  Redmond,  Aurora,  Sigurd,  Central,  Annabella  and  Burr- 


PIUTE    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 1,954 

Number  of  farms 173 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 2,226 

Irrigated  area  '      "      6,796 

Unimproved  area  "      12,223 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 20.4 

oats 26 

"        potatoes 131.7 

(tons)     lucerne 1.7 

"        hay 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $419,151 

This  is  one  of  the  small  counties  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State.  It 
is  almost  wholly  covered  by  high  mountains,  the  Wasatch  at  this  point  reach- 
ing an  altitude  of  nearly  12,000  feet.  Gold,  silver,  lead  and  copper  are  the 
principal  products  of  the  surrounding  mines,  but  more  or  less  quicksilver  has 
been  and  is  being  mined.  From  an  agricultural  point  of  view  Piute  County 
is  not  conspicuous,  and  yet  several  hundred  people  derive  sustenance  there- 
from, the  water  being  in  abundance  and  the  soil  fruitful.  Circle,  with  a 
population  of  538,  is  the  principal  settlement,  with  Bullion  and  Koosharen 
close  seconds. 


UTAH. 


63 


MILLARD  COUNTY. 


5,678 

470 

16,036 

16,389 

42,750 

22.8 

17.7 

31.4 

29.7 

16.4 

144.7 

2.8 

1.4 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $1,939,701 


Population  (census  1900) 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 

Irrigated  area 

Unimproved  area 

Average  yield  per  a  re  (bushels)  wheat... 

corn  .....  , 

oats  ...... 

barley... 

rye  ....... 

potatoes. 

lucerne.. 

hay. 


(tons) 


This  is  a  large  county  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  State.  Its  county 
seat,  Fillmore,  in  the  early  history  of  Utah  was  the  capital  city  of  the  Terri- 
tory. There  is  much  land  subject  to  entry  in  this  county  which  will  ulti- 
mately become  productive  by  the  extension  of  the  irrigation  system. 

General  farming  is  carried  on  successfully,  but  mining  and  stock-raising 
are  the  principal  occupations  of  the  people. 

The  climate  is  temperate,  and  cattle  and  all  kinds  of  grazing  stock  do  well. 
It  is  a  region  to  which  hundreds  of  thousands  of  sheep  are  driven  in  the  win- 
ter, a  circumstance  which  contributes  as  much  to  the  good  fortune  of  sheep- 
raisers  from  other  counties  as  to  the  well-being  of  the  inhabitants  of  Millard 
County.  In  the  spurs  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains  and  in  some  of  the  desert 
ranges  a  number  of  mines  have  been  discovered,  although  but  little  worked. 
A  beautiful  black  onyx  found  here  is  attracting  attention  among  builders  in 
Salt  Lake  and  elsewhere.  This  is  quite  likely  to  become  a  rival  for  decora- 
tion purposes  to  the  lighter-colored  onyx  found  in  other  portions  of  Utah. 
Nothing  to  rival  this  beautiful  stone  has  so  far  been  discovered  in  America. 
Of  the  minerals  lead,  silver,  gold  and  copper  seem  to  predominate,  and  prom- 
ise to  make  the  mining  interests  of  the  county  important  in  the  future.  Fill- 
more.  Kanosh,  Scipio,  Deseret  and  other  towns  supply  a  thriving  fanning 
population.  The  Oregon  Short  Line  passes  through  the  county,  affording 
means  of  transportation  for  its  products  and  its  requirements.  Cattle  and 
sheep  constitute  its  principal  exports.  Filmore  has  a  population  of  1,037. 
Other  smaller  towns  are  Deseret,  population  500;  Hinkley,  591;  Kanosh,  665; 
Holden,  472;  Scipio,  578.  At  Leamington  an  attempt  is  to  be  made  by  East- 
ern capitalists  to  divert  enough  of  the  waters  of  the  Sevier  River  to  the  high 
land  to  reclaim  a  large  area,  now  desert  and  used  only  for  grazing.  Sulphnr 
mining  gives  promise  of  becoming  important  when  the  development  of  the 
deposits  is  further  advanced. 

BEATER    COUNTY. 


Number  of  farm 
Cultivated  area 
Irrigated  area 
Unimproved  are 
Average  yield  p 

Assessed  valuat 

373 

(acres)  

10,409 

10  636 

13  876 

?r  acre  (bushels) 

(tons) 
on,  1900... 

wheat    

...                      20  7 

corn 

17  1 

oats  

26 

barley 

34  3 

rye  

4.8 

potatoes  

110  2 

lucerne 

2  5 

hay  

1.7 

..  $1.480.465 

Beaver  County  is  situated  toward  the  southwest  portion  of  the  State,  ex- 
tending from  the  Beaver  range  of  mountains  to  the  Nevada  line.  The  west- 
ern portion  lacks  moisture,  but  the  eastern  half  is  well  watered  and  most 


64  UTAH. 

fruitful.  The  Wasatch  Mountains  in  this  county  are  magnificent  and  lofty, 
supplying  Beaver  River  with  numerous  tributaries  and  securing  facilities  for 
irrigation  to  a  large  farming  population.  The  average  altitude  of  the  agricul- 
tural land  is  about  6,000  feet.  Alfalfa  and  small  grains  are  the  principal 
crops,  but  in  some  localities  there  are  a  few  orchards.  About  2,000  acres  are 
in  wheat,  the  rest  being  in  corn,  barley,  lucerne,  hay,  potatoes,  etc.  It  has  a 
great  variety  of  mineral  resources,  and  contains  several  mining  districts.  At 
Sulphurdale  are  located  the  largest  sulphur  works  in  the  State,  giving  employ- 
ment to  many  men  and  teams.  Its  capital,  Beaver  City,  has  a  population  of 
1,701;  is  one  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  South;  other  towns  in  the  county 
are  Greenville,  Adamsville,  Milford,  Sulphurville  and  Minersville. 

Beaver  County  has  room  for  much  farming  population,  and  its  mining 
industries,  elsewhere  discussed  in  this  account,  are  sufficiently  important  to 
insure  a  market  for  a  large  amount  of  farming  products. 

IRON    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 3,546 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 

Irrigated  area  

Unimproved  area    '       

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 20.3 

corn 12.5 

"         oats 35.7 

barley 42 

"         potatoes 71 

(tons)     lucerne 2.4 

hay 1.2 

valuation,  1900 $1,097,450 


Iron  County  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Utah.  Its  area  is 
about  3,400  square  miles,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  now  being  utilized  for 
grazing  purposes.  The  great  Escalante  Desert  on  the  west  affords  winter 
quarters  for  thousands  of  cattle,  horses  and  sheep,  which  return  to  the 
Wasatch  Mountains  on  the  east  in  the  springtime,  where  they  remain  during 
the  summer,  subsisting  upon  the  nutritious  grass  and  sparkling  waters  of  this 
beautiful  range.  The  fine  pasturage  afforded  by  the  native  bunch-grass  and 
other  hardy  varieties  that  cover  the  mountain  slopes,  and  even  the  great 
desert,  has  made  stock-raising  a  valuable  industry  in  Iron  County.  Great 
numbers  of  horses  and  cattle  are  driven  or  shipped  eastward  from  there  each 
year,  and  with  the  thousands  of  pounds  of  wool  exported  annually  furnish 
one  of  the  most  important  sources  of  revenue  to  the  county.  The  Wasatch 
Mountains,  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  county,  are  densely  covered  with 
forests,  and  the  lumber  interests  are  important.  Pan.gu.itch  Lake  is  a  splen- 
did body  of  clear  crystal  water  situated  at  the  top  of  the  range  fifteen  miles 
east  of  Parowan  City.  It  is  much  resorted  to  by  pleasure-seekers  during  the 
summer  season.  The  settled  portion  of  the  county  lies  along  the  western 
base  of  the  mountains,  a  distance  of  fifty  miles.  The  principal  settlements  of 
Iron  County  are  Parowan,  population  1,034;  Cedar  City,  1,425,  and  other 
lesser  towns.  Parowan,  the  county  seat,  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of 
the  county,  near  the  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains.  It  is  built  on  elevated 
land,  making  it  an  observatory  to  the  great  Parowan  Valley.  Cedar  City 
is  nineteen  miles  south  of  Parowan,  in  the  Rush  Lake  Valley.  It  is  one  of 
the  leading  towns  of  Southern  Utah,  and  may  become  the  metropolis  of  that 
portion  of  the  State.  Its  location  is  favorable  in  every  respect,  being  on  the 
line  of  one  of  the  proposed  roads  to  Southern  California,  adjacent  to  large 
deposits  of  coal  .and  the  most  extensive  iron  fields  in  the  world.  It  is  midway 
between  Denver,  Colo.,  and  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  hence  the  right  place  for  a 
large  city.  The  entire  people  of  the  county  are  intelligent,  generous  and  hos- 
pitable, and  are  in  good  financial  condition.  The  people  at  large  take  a  great 


UTAH. 


Go 


interest  in  the  cause  of  education.  Aside  from  the  district  school,  the  county 
has  three  church  schools.  The  chief  pursuits  of  the  people  are  farming  and 
stock-raising. 

The  land  is  very  productive.  All  that  is  now  under  cultivation  is  well 
irrigated.  Parowan  Valley  will,  no  doubt,  become  the  agrciultural  stronghold 
of  the  county.  It  is  comparatively  level,  sloping  gradually  from  the  Wasatch. 
Mountains  on  theeast  to  the  hills  on  the  west.  At  the  base  of  these  hills  is  found 
one  of  the  curious  features  of  Southern  Utah — Little  Salt  Lake,  five  miles  in 
length  by  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  width.  Parowan  Valley  is  twenty-five 
miles  long  by  ten  miles  wide,  extending  northeast  and  southwest.  Its  soil  is 
very  fertile,  producing  wheat,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  hay,  fruit  and  vegeta- 
bles. All  the  land  in  the  valley  can  be  utilized  for  agricultural  purposes  by 
means  of  reservoirs  and  artesian  wells,  the  latter  now  being  used  very  exten- 
sively. The  estimated  flow  of  water  from  the  average  well  is  fifteen  gallons 
per  minute  at  a  depth  of  forty-five  feet.  Reservoir  sites  are  numerous  and 
extensive,  and  when  developed  will  make  it  possible  for  the  uplands  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains  to  be  irrigated,  in  consequence  of  which  the  lowlands 
will  be  watered  by  sub-irrigation,  making  very  profitable  hay  ground.  Rush 
Lake  Valley,  forty-five  miles  long  by  ten  wide,  lies  immediately  south  and 
west  of  Parowan  Valley.  In  this  valley  are  found  the  thriving  towns  of 
Kanarra,  Enoch,  Hamilton  Fort  and  Cedar  City.  The  land  is  well  watered 
and  exceedingly  productive.  The  Northeast  Canal  &  Reservoir  Company  are 
taking  out  a  canal  from  Coal  Creek,  near  Cedar  City,  which  will  carry  suf- 
ficient water  to  irrigate  2,400  acres  of  upland  and  1,000  acres  of  hay  land. 

The  average  price  of  cultivated  land  throughout  the  county  is  $25  per 
acre.  The  chief  products  are  alfalfa,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  potatoes  and 
apples.  Alfalfa  predominates. 

Owing  to  the  elevation  of  Iron  County,  its  situation  between  the  lofty  rain 
barriers  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  west  and  the  Wasatch  Range  on  the 
east,  and  its  generally  mountainous  character,  its  atmosphere  is  light,  dry, 
clear  and  invigorating.  Notwithstanding  there  is  a  great  variation  in  tem- 
perature, the  climate  in  all  parts  is  very  salubrious.  In  summer  it  is  agree- 
ably cool  and  refreshing  in  the  upper  valleys,  mild  in  the  lower,  and  de- 
cidedly warm  near  the  desert  tracts.  The  fall  of  snow  in  winter  is  light  in 
the  lower  valleys,  but  deep  in  the  mountain  canons  and  upper  valleys,  furnish- 
ing a  large  supply  of  water  for  irrigating. 

This  county  will  grow  yearly  in  agricultural  importance.  Its  wonderful 
mines  of  gold  and  iron,  elsewhere  discussed,  must  soon  be  extensively  de- 
veloped, and  then  will  follow  the  establishment  of  manufacturing  industries, 
employing  a  large  number  of  operatives.  Local  demand  under  these  con- 
ditions will  compel  the  reclamation  and  utilization  of  the  vast  quantities  of 
tillable  but  now  unproductive  lands. 


KANE    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 1,811 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 2,235 


Irrigated  area 

Unimproved  area    "      

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat — 

corn ...... 

oats 

barley 

rye 

potatoes. 


(tons) 


lucerne, 
hay. 


1,539 
2,757 
18.6 
17 
24.4 
24.7 
22.5 
108.1 
5.3 
.1 


Assessed  valuation,  1900 $424,973 

This  county  adjoins  Arizona  in  the  central-southern  portion  of  the  State, 
but  is  remote  from  travel.    A  few  towns — Kanab,  population  710,  Glendale, 


66 


UTAH. 


Mount  Carmel  and  one  or  two  others — exist  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio 
Virgin  and  other  streams  which  flow  into  the  Colorado  River.  The  greater 
part  of  the  county  consists  of  plateaus,  suitable  for  sheep  ranges,  but  the 
streams  flow  through  deep  gorges  cut  through  the  alluvial  soil  at  such  depths 
that  the  water  cannot  be  diverted  to  the  land.  The  scenery  of  this  region  is 
wild  and  romantic,  and  full  of  interest  to  the  explorer,  yet  this  feature  does 
not  contribute  to  its  prosperity.  The  valleys  to  which  water  can  be  brought 
are  narrow,  limiting  the  arable  land,  but  in  such  places  farms  are  very  fruit- 
ful, and  the  yield  is  correspondingly  high. 


GARFIELD    COUNTY. 


Population  (census  1900) 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 

Irrigated  area  

Unimproved  area    '       

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat. 

corn . . . 


oats 

"         potatoes... 
(tons)     lucerne — 
hay. 


3,400 
512 
6,565 
6,832 
10,727 
17.5 
10 
20.6 
107.2 
1.8 
1.1 


Assessed  valuation,  1900 $677,809 

This  is  the  southeastern  county,  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  wild,  weird 
mountains  and  plateaus  that  drain  into  the  Colorado.  It  is  but  sparsely 
settled,  is  remote  from  travel,  and  is  comparatively  undeveloped,  but  a  few 
thousand  acres  being  under  cultivation.  However,  these  yield  high  average 
crops. 

The  county  is  composed  for  the  most  part  of  high  plateaus  and  mountain 
ranges,  deeply-cut  canons,  which  rarely  open  to  a  sufficient  width  for  agri- 
cultural operations;  but  the  county  is  well  adapted  for  sheep  and  cattle- 
raising,  the  chief  industry.  In  the  western  portion  of  the  county,  however, 
along  the  east  and  west  forks  of  the  Sevier,  there  are  several  thriving  farm- 
ing towns,  among  them  Panguitch,  population  833,  and  Orton,  and  the  coun- 
try there  is  more  open  and  suitable  for  cultivation. 


GRAND  COUNTY. 


Number  of 
Cultivated  { 
Irrigated  at 
Unimprovec 
Average  yic 

Assessed  \i 

farm 
irea 
ea 
I  are. 
Id  pe 

iluat 

c; 

112 

(acre 

i    " 
>r  ac 

on, 

s)  

2  842 

3  142 

6,839 

re  (bushels) 

(tons) 
L900... 

wheat 

17  3 

corn  

18  2 

oats 

20  3 

barley  

20.4 

rye 

9  2 

potatoes  

126.6 

lucerne 

3 

hay  

1.2 

..   $1,017.224 

Grand  County  adjoins  Colorado  in  the  middle-eastern  part  of  the  State. 
Its  resources  are  but  little  developed.  A  limited  area  is  cultivated  along  the 
Grand  River,  but  the  principal  portion  of  the  county  is  used  for  range  pur- 
poses. Several  small  settlements,  such  as  Moab  and  Richardson,  on  the 
Grand  River,  have  proven  the  fruitfulness  of  the  county.  At  Moab  Mr.  A. 
J.  Warner  has  a  magnificent  fruit  farm,  upon  which  he  has  demonstrated  his 
ability  to  produce  the  finest  fruits  in  the  State.  All  climatic  conditions  are 
favorable  in  this  county  for  fruit  culture.  A  large  area  is  open  for  reclama- 
tion, and  a  great  agricultural  future  is  no  doubt  in  store  for  Grand.  Two 


UTAH. 


67 


hundred  and  forty-five  acres  are  in  orchards,  and  a  shipping  business  of  no 
mean  proportions  has  already  begun  from  Thompson  Station  of  peaches, 
apricots,  plums,  pears  and  honey.  These  go  in  boxes  to  the  mining  districts 
of  Colorado  and  to  Salt  Lake  City.  Grand  County  probably  offers  as  good 
inducements  to  settlement  as  any  other  county  in  the  State. 


TOOELE  COUNTY. 


Population  (census  1900) 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) : 

Irrigated  area  

Unimproved  area    "      

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat. 

corn... 


(tons) 


oats 

barley 

rye 

potatoes 

lucerne 

hay 


7,361 
517 
11,243 
7,118 
40,129 
20.7 
16.6 
34.4 
15.9 
10 

113.9 
2.7 
2.2 


Assessed  valuation,  1900 $2,670,186 

This  county,  lying  west  of  Salt  Lake  County,  was  among  the  first  to  be 
settled  in  the  State,  It  is  large  in  area,  but  a  great  portion  is  absolutely 
desert  and  may  never  be  of  any  value  whatever.  Strange  to  say,  however, 
the  desert  lands  are  all  set  aside  by  themselves  in  the  western  part  of  the 
county,  while  the  eastern  half  is  as  beautiful  and  fertile  as  any  land  the  sun 
shines  upon.  In  the  lovely  Tooele  Valley,  lying  between  the  Oquirrh  and 
Stausbury  mountains,  are  some  20,000  acres'  of  tillable  land,  about  half  of 
which  is  cultivated  and  well  watered,  partly  from  mountain  streams  and 
partly  from  drive  artesian  wells,  which  yield  abundantly  in  most  parts  of  the 
valley.  Cultivated  land  in  this  valley  is  worth  as  high  as  $75  per  acre,  but 
there  are  many  tillable  acres  that  have  not  been  taken  up.  Among  the  chief 
farming  products  are  wheat,  of  which  there  is  always  a  high  yield  per  acre; 
potatoes,  running  up  to  400  bushels;  lucerne,  fruit,  etc.  A  considerable 
revenue  is  derived  from  the  stock  interests,  wool,  hides,  beef  and  mutton 
being  shipped  in  large  quantities.  Fruit  is  exceptionally  fine  in  flavor,  and 
the  crops  are  large.  Peaches  yield  as  much  as  300  bushels  to  the  acre.  A 
fruit  canning  and  evaporating  concern  could  do  well  in  Tooele  City,  and  it 
has  been  suggested  that  a  fruit  distillery  would  pay,  owing  to  the  cheapness 
of  the  fruit  and  the  large  quantities  that  go  to  waste  every  season  for  want 
of  a  market.  The  region  is  extremely  healthful  and  conducive  to  long  life, 
and  the  beautiful  scenery,  with  mountain,  lake  and  islands  in  full  view,  makes 
the  eastern  part  of  the  county  a  very  pleasant  place  to  live  in. 

The  county  is  reached  by  the  Oregon  Short  Line.  Tooele  City,  population 
1,200,  is  the  county  seat.  The  largest  town  is  the  mining  town  of  Mercur, 
population  2,351,  and  Grantsville  follows  next  with  1,058. 


JUAB    COUNTY. 


Pop 

Nun 
Cult 
Irri| 
Unii 
Ave 

Ass( 

illation 
iber  of 
ivated  i 
fated  ai 
nprovec 
rage  yie 

?ssed  va 

(cens 
farm 
irea 
ea 
are 
Id  pf 

luati 

us  1 

s 

K)0) 

.   ..         10082 

320 

(acre 

i  " 
»r  ac 

on,  ] 

B) 

10,933 

7.383 

15,852 

re  (bushels) 

(tons) 
1900... 

27.8 

corn      

22 

oats 

35.8 

barley  

43.8 

rye 

9.1 

potatoes 

133  5 

lucerne       •  .  . 

2.6 

hav 

1  3 

..  $3,998,743 

68  UTAH. 

The  county  is  situated  in  the  center  of  the  western  side  of  the  State,  and 
consists  of  a  long,  narrow  strip,  extending  westward  from  the  Wasatch 
Mountains  across  the  desert  to  the  Nevada  line.  The  greater  portion  of  its 
population  is  engaged  in  mining  in  and  about  the  Tintic  Mining  District, 
the  mines  of  which  have  been  discussed  in  this  account  under  the  head  of 
"The  Mining  Counties."  The  greater  part  of  the  western  portion  is  almost 
entirely  without  water,  and  some  of  it  is  covered  with  the  Great  Salt  Lake 
Desert.  Nevertheless,  it  offers  winter  range  for  innumerable  sheep,  which 
are  able  to  find  moisture  sufficient  for  their  needs  among  the  gorges  of  the 
desert  ranges  which  break  across  the  plains  in  lines  from  north  to  south  at 
intervals  a  few  miles  apart.  The  eastern  part  is  well  watered  by  numerous 
streams,  and  a  great  part  of  its  area  has  been  under  cultivation  for  many 
years.  The  county  seat  is  Nephi,  population  2,208,  designated  by  its  enter- 
prising inhabitants  as  the  "Little  Chicago."  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
towns  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  has  extensive  manufacturing  interests. 
In  this  county  is  located  the  extensive  irrigation  enterprise  of  the  Mount 
Nebo  Irrigation  Company.  A  geat  reservoir  near  the  foot  of  Mount  Nebo 
furnishes  water  for  the  redemption  of  thousands  of  acres  of  land  in  Goshen 
Valley.  This  company  has  in  contemplation  the  building  of  a  beet- sugar 
factory  equal  in  capacity  to  the  one  at  Lehi. 

WASHINGTON    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 4,602 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 5,642 

Irrigated  area                 5,555 

Unimproved  area    "      2,327 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 23.8 

"         corn 18.5 

oats 27.3 

barley 28.7 

potatoes 122.2 

(tons)     lucerne 3.4 

hay 1.8 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $793,378 

Washington  is  the  most  southern  county.  It  is  a  semi-tropical  region, 
and  cotton  is  grown  there — enough  to  supply  a  local  mill  of  considerable 
capacity.  It  has  long  been  known  as  "The  Dixie  of  Utah,"  and  the  wines 
made  there  and  the  almonds,  nectarines,  grapes,  figs,  pomegranates  and 
other  unusual  fruit  and  nuts  grown  there  have  given  the  county  a  character 
unlike  that  of  any  other  Utah  county. 

Several  years  ago,  in  response  to  an  application  from  the  Salt  Lake 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  a  committee  of  citizens  appointed  for  that  purpose 
by  a  public  meeting  held  in  St.  George,  the  county  seat,  furnished  the  fol- 
lowing statement  in  reference  to  the  county: 

The  climate  and  soil  south  of  the  "rim  of  the  basin"  is  admirably  adapted 
to  the  production  of  all  kinds  of  peaches,  nectarines,  almonds,  plums,  apples, 
pears,  grapes,  figs,  pomegranates  and  other  fruits.  A  large  per  cent,  of  what 
is  now  produced,  however,  goes  to  waste  for  lack  of  transportation  facilities. 
The  county  is  also  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  all  kinds  of  early  garden 
stuff,  such  as  radishes,  lettuce,  asparagus,  celery,  tomatoes,  beans,  cucum- 
bers, melons,  onions  and  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes;  also  flowers  of  the  choicest 
varieties,  many  of  which  bloom  in  December.  In  the  settlements  along  the 
Rio  Virgin  and  lower  Santa  Clara  rivers  the  season  for  out-door  gardening 
begins  in  the  latter  part  of  January  or  the  beginning  of  February.  The  cli- 
mate of  St.  George  and  vicinity,  with  its  delightful  winters,  often  without  a 
flake  of  snow,  except  what  can  be  seen  on  the  distant  mountains,  is  unex- 
ceptionally  healthful.  St.  George  enjoys  an  ideal  climate,  and  is  destined  to 
be  the  winter  resort  of  the  inter-mountain  region.  One  of  the  four  great 


UTAH.  69 

temples  of  the  Mormon  Church  is  here.     It  is  a  structure  of  beautiful  de- 
sign, and  is  one  of  the  notable  buildings  of  Utah. 

Washington  County  is  an  interesting  and  productive  portion  of  the  State, 
and  will  in  time  furnish  the  means  for  many  thousand  people  to  cultivate 
the  rare  products  for  the  growth  of  which  its  soil  and  climate  are  so  admira- 
bly adapted. 

WAYNE    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 1,907 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) ; 5,732 

Irrigated  area                 6,116 

Unimproved  area    "      9,679 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 18.6 

"               '        "       "             "         corn 23.5 

"              '       "       "             "         oats 24.6 

"       "             "         barley 14 

"        potatoes 114.6 

"              '       "       "         (tons)     lucerne 2.2 

"       "             "         hay 1.3 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $425,056 

Wayne  is  a  central-southern  county,  and  is  watered  by  the  Fremont  River. 
Much  tillable  land  is  open  to  setlement,  and  cultivated  farms  with  water 
right  and  good  title  vary  in  price  from  $20  to  $80  per  acre.  A  great  variety 
of  products  are  raised.  Sheep,  wool,  lumber  and  orchard  fruits  bring  the 
farmer  much  annual  revenue.  The  cimate  is  delightful,  the  winters  mild  and 
the  summers  cool.  It  is  an  ideal  fruit  county,  and  its  agricultural  possi- 
bilities are  very  great. 

WASATCH    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 4,736 

Number  of  farms 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 12,995 

Irrigated  area          "      12,443 

Unimproved  area    '       16,360 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 19.2 

"        oats 30 

"            "       "        '            "        barley 41.3 

"        potatoes 151.4 

"        «        (tons)     lucerne 3.2 

'            "        hay 1.7 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $1,200,174 

The  greater  portion  of  Wasatch  County  is  occupied  by  the  Uintah  Reser- 
vation, which  at  present  excludes  from  settlement  from  occupation  one  of 
the  best  watered  and  most  fertile  regions  of  the  State.  When  the  reservation 
is  opened  for  settlement,  as  it  will  be  when  effect  is  given  to  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress already  passed,  the  agricultural  development  of  the  county  will  be 
speedy.  Heber  is  the  county  seat,  and  the  county  is  best  reached  by  way  of 
the  Union  Pacific  from  Park  City.  The  reservation  mentioned  is  known  to 
contain  many  fertile  valleys  wherein  successful  agriculture  will  in  time  be 
extensively  carried  on. 

EMERY    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 4,657 

Number  of  farms 552 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 12,964 

Irrigated  area          "      15,622 

Unimproved  area    '       28,574 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 19.3 

corn 12.4 

"         oats 25.5 

barley 34.4 

"         potatoes 64.9 

(tons)     lucerne 2.1 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 V.'.'.'.V.V. *.".*.'.'. '.".'.!  !'.".".'.".*.'.".".  $1,292,399* 


70  UTAH. 

The  county  lies  in  the  middle-eastern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  drained  by 
Green  River,  from  which  it  obtains  its  irrigation  waters.  In  time  its  large  un- 
improved area  will  be  made  available  by  water  obtained  from,  storage  reser- 
voirs in  the  mountains  to  the  westward.  This  will,  however,  involve  consider- 
able outlay,  but  the  outlay  will  yield  ample  returns  to  the  investor.  Castledale,. 
population  718,  is  the  county  seat,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  large  farming 
settlement.  This  county  is  destined  to  be  developed  into  a  productive 
agricultural  region,  and  will  in  time  have  a  mining  output,  especially  of  an- 
thracite coal  and  copper. 

CARBON  COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 5,004 

Number  of  farms 108 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 7,679 

Irrigated  area          "      7,679 

Unimproved  area    "      10,301 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 21.3 

corn 22.3 

"             "                "             "         oats 28.3 

barley 16.2 

"         potatoes 68.5 

"             "                "         (tons)     lucerne 3 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $2,012,764 

This  county  was  taken  from  Emery  by  the  last  Territorial  Legislature  of 
Utah.  Thirty  or  more  irrigation  streams,  owned  exclusively  by  farmers,  are 
in  operation,  and  water  is  ample  for  all  purposes.  Its  agricultural  charac- 
teristics are  much  the  same  as  Emery  County,  and  the  large  amount  of  unim- 
proved land  offers  opportunity  for  a  considerable  increase  in  population. 
Within  it  are  the  coal-mining  towns  of  Castlegate,  population  1,109;  Clear 
Creek,  Scofield,  Winter  Quarters,  the  commercial  town  of  Price  and  the 
railroad  town  of  Helper. 

RICH    COUNTY. 

Population  (census  1900) 1,946 

Number  of  farms. 269 

Cultivated  area  (acres) 19,776 

Irrigated  area                  20,460 

Unimproved  area    " 57,793 

Average  yield  per  acre  (bushels)  wheat 30 

"             "         oats 41 . 1 

barley 41.5 

rye 20 

"         potatoes 194.4 

"         (tons)     lucerne 3.3 

hay 1.1 

Assessed  valuation,  1900 $752,960 

Randolph  is  the  county  seat,  having  a  population  of  about  821. 

This  county  lies  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Utah.  It  is  not  very  large,  but 
it  is  nearly  all  agricultural  land.  Thirty  thousand  acres  are  cultivated  and  in 
pasture,  the  tributaries  of  Bear  River  furnishing  an  abundance  of  water.  The 
elevation  of  Bear  Valley -is  about  7,000  feet,  rendering  the  climate  somewhat 
cold,  but  the  hardier  crops  flourish.  A  beautiful  feature  of  the  northern  part 
of  this  county  is  Bear  Lake,  a  magnificent  sheet  of  water  about  fifteen  miles 
in  width  by  thirty  or  forty  in  length.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  bodies  of  fresh, 
water  that  exist  at  such  elevation  in  the  mountain  regions,  and  is  the  natural 
reservoir  upon  which  the  great  Bear  River  Canal  depends  for  its  permanent 
summer  supply.  The  population  of  the  county  is  not  great,  but  the  people 
are  generally  well-to-do,  owing  to  the  success  which  usually  attends  their 
stock-raising  enterprises. 

The  following  counties,  not  classified  as  "Agricultural  Counties,"  have  the 
following  assessed  valuation  for  1900: 


UTAH.  71 

San  Juan $262,750 

Uintah 1,057,273 

Summit 4,292,250 

The  total  assessed  valuation  of  the  State  for  1900  was 105,629,041 


NOTE.— The  figures  given  in  the  foregoing  review  of  agricultural  counties,  with 
the  exception  of  the  figures  referring  to  the  present  population,  and  the  assessed 
valuation  for  1990,  were  made  by  Joseph  P.  Bache,  Territorial  Statistician,  and 
include  the  year  1894.  They  are  taken  from  the  official  territorial  publication,  are 
the  latest  obtainable,  and  are  believed  to  be  the  best  estimates  so  far  made.  It  is 
hoped  the  statistics  as  to  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  different  crops  reported 
will  be  of  value  to  the  reader  in  showing  the  effect  of  altitude  in  different  localities 
upon  the  production  of  these  crops.  The  statistics  as  to  the  number  of  farms,  cul- 
tivated, irrigated  and  unimproved  area,  will  no  doubt  assist  the  homeseeker  in  de- 
termining which  counties  offer  the  greatest  opportunities  for  settlement. 

THE  SUGAK  BEET. — The  growing  of  the  sugar  beet  is  becoming  one  of  the 
leading  occupations  of  the  Utah  farmer.  Especially  is  this  true  in  Utah  and 
Weber  counties,  where  are  located  great  sugar  works.  These  two  plants 
turned  out  in  1900,  according  to  figures  given  in  the  Salt  Lake  Tribune,  17,- 
200,000  pounds  of  sugar  and  sticed  18,000  tons  of  beets.  The  farmer  received 
from  $4.25  to  $4.50  per  ton  for  the  beets,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  a  large 
sum  of  money  annually  goes  to  the  beet-raisers  of  Utah.  A  mill  is  to  be  built 
in  Logan  during  1901,  and  several  others  are  in  contemplation  elsewhere  in 
the  State. 

LIVE-STOCK. 

Mr.  H.  L.  A.  Culmer,  in  his  "Resources  and  Attractions  of  Utah,"  thus 
discusses  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  stock-grower  in  Utah: 

"If  our  climate  is  too  dry  for  the  luxuriant  growth  of  grasses  in  the  valleys 
throughout  the  summer,  the  conformation  of  our  Territory  (State)  is  such 
that  it  fully  offsets  to  the  stock-raiser  whatever  drawbacks  may  be  laid  to 
the  want  of  summer  rains.  As  the  feed  begins  to  give  out  on  the  lower 
benches  in  the  spring,  the  snow-line  is  receding  on  the  foothills,  and  stock  is 
pastured  at  higher  altitudes  as  the  season  advances,  until,  in  the  midsummer, 
they  graze  among  the  grassy  valleys  of  the  mountains  and  on  the  cool,  high 
plateaus.  When  \vinter  approaches  they  gradually  retire  again,  and  by  the 
time  of  general  snowfall  are  roaming  over  low,  wide  ranges,  w'here  they  can- 
not exist  in  summer  for  heat  and  want  of  water.  This  changing  life  brings 
them  health  and  hardihood.  They  have  a  'summer  out'  every  year,  and  are 
thus  developed  into  the  sturdiest  races  of  America.  The  ranges  of  one 
season  are  held  in  reserve  at  another.  During  the  summer,  on  the  millions 
of  acres  of  the  interior  basins,  too  dry  for  summer  ranges,  the  native  bunch- 
grass  is  maturing  and  cures,  standing,  ready  for  the  immense  flocks  and  herds 
which  will  winter  there.  In  these  regions  the  snowfall  is  light — enough  to 
furnish  water  for  the  stock,  but  not  to  bury  the  dry,  fattening  bunch-grass, 
famous  for  its  nutritive  qualities." 

CATTLE. — The  cattle  interests  are  receiving  much  attention,  and  marked 
improvement  in  the  breeds  has  been  noticed  during  the  past  few  years.  The 
tendency  is  to  handle  few  cattle  but  better  ones.  Those  engaged  in  the  busi- 
ness seem  to  be  convinced  that  there  is  more  money  in  keeping  up  the  breeds 
and  keeping  the  number  down  to  a  hay  cutting  and  feeding  proportion.  Much 
beef  is  consumed  in  the  State,  but  the  shipping  business  is  growing  rapidly, 
and  great  numbers  are  sent  to  the  markets  of  the  East  and  surrounding 
States.  The  holding  of  the  convention  of  the  National  Live  Stock  Associa- 
tion at  Salt  Lake  in  January,  1901,v  brought  about  5,000  stockmen  to  Utah, 
and  evidence  the  State's  growing  importance  in  the  stock  industry.  The 
dairy  interests  are  by  no  means  unimportant,  it  being  estimated  that  they 
return  from  $800,000  to  $1,000,000  annually. 

HORSES  AXD  MULES.— Of  these  useful  animals  the  State  has  from  80,000 
to  100,000  head.  They  are  better  animals  for  their  weight  and  size  than 


72  UTAH. 

any  others  in  America,  and  have  been  graded  up  until  they  boast  the  blood 
of  the  leading  breeds  of  America.  They  are  said  to  excel  in  wind,  endurance 
and  fleetness,  and  for  several  years  past  work  and  farm  horses,  fancy  road- 
sters, fine  carriage  and  heavy  freight  horses  have  been  extensively  raised. 
The  qualities  of  strong  feet  and  lungs  remain  with  the  horse  after  he  has 
been  exported,  and  for  this  reason  Utah  horses  are  in  steady  demand. 

SHEEP.— Exact  figures  are  not  obtainable,  but  the  number  of  sheep  in 
Utah  is  placed  at  2,500,000.  The  sheep  shipments  for  1900  were  about 
400,000,  which,  according  to  an  estimate  of  Mr.  Clinton,  an  authority,  sold 
for  an  average  price  of  $3.25  per  head.  The  wool  crop  for  1900  was  14,000,- 
000  pounds.  The  original  Mexican  stock  has  given  place  to  fine  breeds,  such 
as  the  Cotswold,  Spanish  and  French  Merinos,  and  now  wool  of  a  superior 
quality  is  produced.  The  receipts  of  the  Union  Stock  Yards,  Salt  Lake  City, 
for  1900  were  as  follows: 

Sheep 165,492 

Cattle 36,816 

Hogs 221 

Horses  and  Mules 12,625 

TWO    INDIAN    RESERVATIONS, 

The  Uncompahgre  and  Uintah,  are  located  in  the  northeast  portion  of  Utah, 
and  comprise  most  of  the  counties  of  Wasatch  and  Uintah.  An  Act  of  Con- 
gress was  passed  in  1894  providing  for  the  opening  of  these  reservations  to 
settlement.  The  announcement  in  the  press  dispatches  of  the  enactment  of 
this  law  produced  numerous  inquiries  from  different  portions  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  following  information  about  the  region  is  given:  The  two 
reservations  contain  an  area  of  6,207  square  miles,  or  3,972,480  acres — the 
Uintah  3,186  square  miles,  or  2,039,040  acres,  and  the  Uncompahgre  3,021 
square  miles,  or  1,933,440  acres.  There  are  now  2,000  Indians  on  the  reser- 
vations, and  the  head  of  each  Uncompahgre  family  will  receive  320  acres,  and 
the  other  members  of  the  family  160  acres  each— counting  five  Indians  to  the 
family.  The  Uintahs  will  probably  receive  the  same.  It  is  estimated  that 
384,000  will  be  needed  to  supply  the  Indian  demand,  and  that  3,598,480  acres 
will  remain  for  white  settlers.  Probably  50  per  cent,  of  this  land  is  suitable 
for  agricultural  or  stock-raising  purposes,  the  other  50  per  cent,  being  moun- 
tainous, and  believed  to  be  rich  in  a  diversity  of  valuable  minerals.  The  great 
asphaltum  fields  of  Utah  and  the  larger  deposits  of  ozocerite,  gilsonite  and 
elaterite  are  located  within  these  reservations.  No  title  to  any  of  the  lands 
in  either  reservation  can  be  secured  until  the  Act  goes  into  complete  effect, 
which  will  be  when  the  allotment  of  lands  to  the  Indians,  now  going  on  under 
the  direction  of  a  special  United  States  commission,  is  complete.  The  country 
is  well  watered,  the  climate  is  delightful,  and  when  the  lands  become  availa- 
ble these  reservations  will  materially  add  to  the  wealth  and  production  of  the 
State.  Persons  contemplating  settlement  in  this  portion  of  Utah  are  advised 
not  to  come  until  assurances  from  Washington  are  received  that  all  legal  ob- 
jections to  the  entry  of  the  whites  upon  the  reservations  are  removed.  It  is 
probable  that  the  asphaltum  deposits  will  not  be  subject  to  entry  under  the 
mining  laws — these  deposits,  it  appears,  are  to  be  held  by  the  Government 
pending  legislation  for  their  sale  at  special  prices. 


MANUFACTORIES    AND    INDUSTRIES. 

Mr.  Culmer,  in  discussing  this  important  branch  of  the  business  of  the 
State,  says,  among  other  things,  in  "The  Resources  and  Attractions  of  Utah:" 

"The  subject  of  home  industries  has  commanded  the  attention  of  the 
people  of  Utah  from  the  time  of  its  first  settlement.  Isolated  as  it  was  in  the 


UTAH.  73 

beginning,  necessity  compelled  the  production  of  many  articles  which  other 
communities  import,  and  drove  the  people  into  finding  means  to  manufacture 
them.  It  was  thus  revealed  that  from  the  many  resources  that  lie  about  us  a 
large  proportion  of  the  materials  used  at  home  could  be  made  here,  and  in 
early  times  the  self-supplying  faculty  of  the  residents  was  developed  under 
great  difficulties,  and  they  learned  to  do  many  things  in  a  primitive  way  that 
have  since  been  refined  upon  and  expanded,  until  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  the  goods  manufactured  are  by  no  means  insignificant.  'Home  manufac- 
ture' has  been  so  long  and  so  steadily  a  familiar  watchword  with  the  people 
of  Utah  that  there  are  not  many  communities  in  the  West  that  have  at- 
tempted such  various  lines  of  industry.  Not  all  of  these  have  succeeded,  yet 
we  will  bear  comparison  with  many  older  States.  There  is  a  genuine  deter- 
mination among  the  people  of  Utah  to  establish  and  sustain  the  manufactur- 
ing interests  of  the  State.  We  accuse  ourselves  and  each  other  of  a  lack  of 
interest  in  these  matters,  but  this  only  shows  that  we  are  alive  to  the  neces- 
sity. The  volume  of  manufactured  material  produced  is  a  proof  of  our  sin- 
cerity in  this  direction.  The  leaders  of  the  people  in  early  times  told  them 
that  they  had  all  the  material  necessary  to  make  them  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous and  independent  peoples  on  earth  if  they  would  only  make  use  of  the 
material  that  nature  had  placed  at  their  disposal.  Repeated  efforts  under  ad- 
verse circumstances  gave  the  start  to  a  manufacturing  community,  and  as 
early  as  1850  the  industrial  products  of  Utah  amounted  to  $291,220.  In  1860 
this  amount  had  increased  to  $900,153.  Ten  years  later,  according  to  the 
census  returns,  it  was  $2,343,019,  and  in  1890  the  returns  showed  that  there 
were  310  enterprises  of  this  character  in  operation,  turning  out  a  product 
valued  at  $5,836,003.  The  capital  invested  was  $4,405,881.  The  plants  cost 
$3,215,511,  and  they  used  that  year  raw  material  worth  $2,137,291.  Three 
thousand  two  hundred  and  seventy-four  hands  were  employed,  and  the  wages 
paid  were  $1,597,177.  We  have  good  reason  to  believe  these  figures  to  be  un- 
derstatements, even  for  1890,  but,  were  the  data  of  today  obtainable,  a  con- 
siderable increase  would  now  be  shown;  but  these  dry  figures  must  impress 
every  thoughtful  reader  that  the  people  of  Utah  engage  heartily  in  the  de- 
velopment of  their  industrial  possibilities,  and  by  this  means  maintain  their 
prosperity  and  contribute  to  the  well-being  of  the  population." 

The  Territorial  statistician,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1895,  makes  the  fol- 
lowing figures.  These  are  the  latest  obtainable  from  official  sources: 

Number  of  enterprises,  1,880;  annual  product  turned  out,  $6,678,118; 
capital  invested,  $5,476,246;  cost  of  plants,  $5,986,215;  raw  material  anually 
used,  $2,640.038;  number  of  hands  employed,  5,054;  wages  paid,  $2,027,118. 

Thus  will  be  seen  how  rapidly  increased  in  importance  the  manufacturing 
interests  of  Utah  during  the  first  five  years  of  the  last  decade.  It  is  re- 
gretted that  manufacturing  statistics  of  Utah  for  the  census  year  of  1900 
have  not  at  this  writing  been  announced  by  the  Government.  Of  manufac- 
tures there  is  almost  an  infinite  variety.  One  great  stimulus  to  these  indus- 
tries has  been  the  continued  encouragement  of  the  Deseret  Agricultural  and 
Manufacturing  Society  of  Utah,  which  for  many  years  has  exhibited  to  the 
people,  at  its  annual  fairs  at  Salt  Lake  City,  the  products  of  the  different 
manufacturing  institutions. 

In  the  limits  of  this  book  it  will  be  impossible  to  enumerate  all  of  the  in- 
stitutions now  doing  a  thriving  business.  The  writer  will  content  himself 
with  the  mention  of  the  larger  manufactures  and  industrial  mills. 

WOOLEN  MILLS.— Woolen  mills  are  in  operation  in  Salt  Lake,  Utah, 
Beaver  and  Washington  counties.  The  most  important  of  these  is  the  Provo 
Woolen  Mills,  having  an  annual  output  valued  at  $250,000,  employing  175 
hands,  and  consuming  yearly  700,000  pounds  of  Utah  wool,  for  which  during 
1900  the  mill  paid  an  average  price  of  sixteen  cents  per  pound.  This  mill 
was  erected  in  1872,  and  is  the  largest  woolen  factory  west  of  the  Missouri 
River.  It  has  survived  all  panics,  is  free  from  mortgage,  has  paid  dividends 


74  UTAH. 

regularly,  and  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  woolen  mill  erected 
west  of  Chicago.  Its  power  is  derived  from  steam  and  from  a  canal,  devel- 
oping at  the  mills  150  horse-power.  Eighty-five  per  cent,  of  the  product  of 
1900  \vas  delivered  to  Eastern  markets.  The  mill  is  to  be  greatly  increased 
in  capacity  during  1901.  Near  Springville,  in  Utah  County,  is  located  a 
woolen  mill  of  about  one-eighth  the  capacity  of  the  Provo  Mills,  in  the 
operation  of  which  results  equal  to  those  of  the  Provo  Mills  are  obtained. 
The  cloth  manufactured  in  these  mills  finds  ready  sale  in  Colorado,  Cali- 
fornia and  the  States  of  the  inter- mountain  region.  Everywhere  it  is  sold  it 
compares  favorably  with  the  product  of  the  finest  mills  of  the  East.  The 
Deseret  Woolen  Mills  in  Salt  Lake,  which  manufactures  woolens,  dress 
goods,  flannels,  yarns  and  fine  grades  of  white  blankets,  is  another  extensive 
establishment.  It  employs  sixty  operatives,  and  consumes  200,000  pounds 
of  Utah  wool  annually.  In  connection  with  this  mill  a  large  knitting 
factory  is  operated.  There  are  smaller  but  not  less  complete  mills  than  the 
Provo  at  Beaver,  St.  George,  Ogden,  Brigham  City  and  Hiram,  Cache 
County.  Their  product  is  chiefly  consumed  in  the  neighborhood  of  their 
location. 

SUGAE  WORKS.— The  Lehi  Sugar  Mill,  in  Utah  County,  now  ten  years 
in  operation,  is  one  of  the  largest  manufacturing  institutions  in  the  State. 
The  factory  produced  in  1900  11,400,000  pounds  of  refined  sugar.  This  resulted 
from  the  cutting  of  50,400  tons  of  beets,  for  which  the  factory  paid  $4.50  per 
ton,  6,000  acres  being  necessary  to  the  growth  of  beets  for  the  supply  of  this 
mill.  Two  hundred  and  twenty-six  thousand  eight  hundred  dollars  went 
into  the  pockets  of  the  beet-raisers  during  1900,  and  250  employes  were  on 
the  payroll.  Ten  per  cent,  annual  dividends  have  been  paid  for  several  years, 
and  the  capacity  of  the  plant  is  now  1,200  tons  per  day.  The  product  for  1900 
at  $5.50  per  hundred  will  amount  to  $575,500,  all  of  which  goes  into  Utah 
pockets. 

During  1900  operations  were  active  in  the  new  sugar  factory  at  Ogden. 
This  factory  has  a  capacity  of  350  tons  of  beets  per  day,  and  the  output  for 
1900  was  5,800,000  pounds.  Here  are  employed  214  men.  The  selling  value 
of  the  1900  product  was  approximately  $300,000.  The  entire  demand  of 
Utah  for  sugar  is  18,000,000  pounds,  16,200,000  pounds  of  which  were  sup- 
plied in  1900  by  Utah  mills.  Next  year  every  pound  used  in  the  State  will 
be  made  at  home.  Other  plants  at  Gunnison  and  Logan  are  in  contempla- 
tion, and  the  time  is  probably  not  far  distant  when  our  neighboring  States, 
north  and  east,  may  look  to  Utah  for  their  sugar.  An  attempt  was  made  by 
the  sugar  trust  to  kill  the  Lehi  industry  some  years  ago,  but  the  Utah  people 
were  loyal  to  the  home  product,  and  the  trust  retired  in  disgust. 

SOAP  WORKS  are  in  operation  in  different  portions  of  the  State.  There 
are  three  factories  in  Salt  Lake  and  one  in  Ogden,  and  the  output  is  almost 
equal  to  the  demand  of  the  State. 

BOOT  AND  SHOE  MANUFACTORIES.— Many  hundred  hands  are  employed 
in  Utah  in  the  shoe  factories,  which  are  located  in  Salt  Lake,  Ogden,  Provo, 
Logan,  Lehi,  Spanish  Fork  and  in  many  of  the  country  towns.  The  largest 
concern  is  in  Salt  Lake  City,  conducted  by  Zion's  Co-Operative  Mercantile 
Institution.  The  concern  employs  about  200  hands,  and  turns  out  annually 
from  $200,000  to  $250,000  worth  of  manufactured  material. 

CLOTHING  MANUFACTORIES.— There  are  several  institutions  in  the  State 
devoted  to  this  industry,  the  output  of  the  largest  of  which,  that  operated  by 
the  Z.  C.  M.  I.  in  Salt  Lake,  is  valued  annually  at  $60,000. 

SILK  MANUFACTURING. — This  is  a  growing  industry  in  the  State.  The 
exhibits  of  Utah's  silk  at  the  World's  Fair  attracted  widespread  attention. 
The  industry  began  in  Utah  in  1855,  and  in  the  past  has  been  carried  on 
mostly  in  the  homes  of  the  people.  There  are  thousands  of  mulberry  trees  in 
the  State.  The  climate  is  perfectly  adaptable  to  the  silkworms,  which  are 
free  from  the  diseases  so  fatal  to  them  in  damp  climes.  The  time  is  coming 


UTAH.  75 

when  Utah's  silks  will  be  extensively  manufactured.  The  Legislature  of 
1896  created  a  State  Silk  Commission,  and  offered  a  bounty  of  twenty-five 
cents  per  pound  for  cocoons  produced  in  the  State  and  fed  entirely  on  mul- 
berry leaves.  The  law  is  working  well.  The  mulberry  tree,  of  which  there 
are  thousands  in  the  State,  thrives  in  all  parts  of  Utah. 

Of  flouring  mills,  oatmeal,  cracked  wheat  and  cracker  establishments, 
there  are  several  in  the  State.  Breweries  exist  in  many  towns,  three  of  the 
largest  being  situated  in  Salt  Lake.  One  of  these  has  a  capacity  of  20,000 
barrels  per  annum,  and  bottles  600  dozen  per  day.  Brickmaking  and  charcoal- 
burning  industries  exist  in  many  places. 

Portland  cement  is  manufactured  in  Salt  Lake  City,  one  plant  having 
made  in  1900  60,000  barrels  and  added  betterments  to  the  value  of  $30,000. 
The  product  is  all  taken  in  the  inter-mountain  States. 

CANNERIES. — Four  large  institutions,  chiefly  devoted  to  the  putting  up 
of  tomatoes,  consumed  the  product  of  700  acres  of  tomatoes  in  1900. 

Among  the  other  manufacturing  establishments  may  be  mentioned  ma- 
chine shops  and  foundries,  saw-mills,  lath  and  planing  mills,  stone  quarries, 
lime-kilns,  potteries,  tanneries,  factories  for  polishing  gems,  knitting  fac- 
tories and  concerns  which  manufacture  brooms,  brushes,  vehicles,  ice,  con- 
fectionery, mattresses,  crackers,  showcases,  vinegar,  plaster  of  paris,  steam 
boilers,  harness,  paper  boxes,  rubber  stamps,  coffins,  mosaic  tiles,  picture- 
frames,  upholstery,  chemicals,  fur  goods,  gloves,  picks,  iron  fencing,  lead 
pipe,  etc. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  variety  of  manufacturing  concerns  which  have 
been  mentioned,  opportunities  are  open  for  still  others  to  be  inaugurated, 
which  can  undoubtedly  be  made  to  pay  good  returns  on  the  cost  of  plants. 
Among  them  have  been  suggested  cotton  mills,  a  carpet  factory,  paper  mills, 
to  replace  those  recently  burned  in  Salt  Lake  County,  works  for  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements,  white  lead,  gunpowder,  whiting,  iron 
pipe,  sewer  pipe,  window  glass  and  bottles,  soda-ash,  putty,  starch,  candles, 
paints,  etc. 

Crude  materials  exist  on  every  side  in  abundance.  Labor  is  plentiful  and 
willing,  and  industrial  developments  in  Utah  promise  in  the  near  future  to 
be  of  great  magnitude. 

Coal  has  heretofore  been  an  essential  to  the  production  of  power  in  the 
State,  but  its  use  is  being  rapidly  lessened  by  the  employment  of  electricity. 
The  waters  of  several  mountain  torrents  have  been  harnessed  and  utilized 
for  the  production  of  electricty  for  power  purposes. 

ELECTEICAL  POWER  PLANTS.— The  Pioneer  Electric  Power  Plant  at  Og- 
den  ranks  among  the  great  electrical  enterprises  of  the  country.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1897  at  a  cost  of  §1,500,000.  and  the  electrical  force  generated  ag- 
gregates 10,000  horse-power.  The  water  is  carried  along  the  side  of  the 
mountain  for  a  distance  of  seven  miles  in  a  steel  and  wooden  pipe  seventy- 
two  inches  in  diameter  to  the  entrance  of  Ogden  Canon,  where  it  is  used  to 
furnish  motive-power  for  the  generating  machinery.  On  the  flat  at  the  base 
of  the  mountain  an  immense  power-house  has  been  built,  where  power  is  pro- 
duced and  sold  at  a  cost  enabling  factories  to  run  at  a  minimum  cost.  The 
bulk  of  this  power  is  utilized  in  Ogden,  but  a  portion  of  it  is  transmitted  to 
various  other  cities  for  motor  cars,  street-lighting  and  other  purposes.  This 
plant,  together  with  that  of  the  Big  Cottonwood  Power  Company  in  Cotton- 
wood  Canon,  near  Salt  Lake,  and  the  Salt  Lake  and  Ogden  gas  and  electric 
plants  at  Ogden  and  Salt  Lake,  have  been  recently  consolidated,  and  are  now 
operated  and  owned  by  the  Utah  .Light  &  Power  Company,  having  head- 
quarters at  Salt  Lake.  This  company's  system  is  the  largest  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  light  and  power  in  Western  America,  having  a  total  of  11,000  horse- 
power and  100  miles  of  high-tension  transmission  lines.  Ogden  is  located  in 
the  midst  of  a  region  rich  in  agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  and  is  well 
supplied  with  railroad  facilities,  so  this  enterprise  cannot  fail  of  success. 


76  UTAH. 

After  the  water  is  utilized  for  the  generation  of  electricty  it  will  be  con- 
veyed to  the  valley  and  made  to  redeem  thousands  of  acres  of  arid  lands. 

In  Big  Cottonwood  Canon,  twelve  miles  from  Salt  Lake,  another  great 
enterprise  for  the  generation  of  electrical  energy  is  situated.  This  is  one  of 
the  plants  now  owned  by  the  Utah  Light  &  Power  Company.  Nearly  two 
years  were  consumed  in  the  construction  of  this  plant,  a  great  dam  was 
built  and  a  long  tunnel  driven  to  bring  the  water  to  a  connection  with  the 
pipes  leading  to  the  generating  mill  below.  The  expenditure  is  estimated  at 
$500,000.  Current  is  conveyed  over  copper  cables  to  Salt  Lake,  where  it  is 
employed  for  general  house  and  street  lighting  purposes,  for  the  running  of 
electric  railroads  and  for  innumerable  other  uses  requiring  power.  Another 
company,  the  Pioneer,  of  ample  capital,  has  completed  an  equally  large 
plant  below  the  Big  Cottonwood  plant,  using  the  same  water  now  employed 
by  the  Big  Cottonwood  Company.  The  current  of  the  Pioneer  Company  is 
conveyed  to  Salt  Lake  and  is  used  for  operating  the  Salt  Lake  City  Rail- 
road system  and  for  other  purposes.  The  aggregate  of  current  produced  by 
these  three  great  plants  is  sufficient  to  enable  Salt  Lake  to  take  on  no  end 
of  new  manufacturing  enterprises,  the  raw  material  for  which  is  found  all 
around  it  in  limitless  quantities.  The  writer  regards  these  power  plants  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  the  future  development  of  Salt  Lake,  which,  by 
their  aid,  will  become  the  manufacturing  center  of  the  inter-mountain  coun- 
try. These  electrical  companies  propose  to  transmit  power  to  Park  City  and 
other  mining  camps,  where  it  will  be  utilized  in  operating  pumps,  mills,  hoist- 
ing plants  and  for  numerous  other  purposes. 

THE  TELLTJRIDE  POWER  TRANSMISSION  COMPANY  has  a  plant  in  Provo 
Canon,  from  which  power  is  transmitted  to  the  mining  camps  of  Mercur  and 
Tintic,  a  distance  in  lines  of  115  miles.  When  plans  laid  out  for  1901  are 
completed  the  feat  of  transmitting  electricity  over  a  continuous  line  of  alumi- 
num wire  224  miles  long  will  be  accomplished  by  this  company.  This  will  be 
double  the  distance  ever  before  attempted.  Great  expenditures  are  now  be- 
ing made  to  improve  the  plant  and  harness  anew  the  waters  of  Provo  River. 

THE  HERCULES  COMPANY,  which  in  1900  absorbed  the  Logan  Light  & 
Heating  Company,  is  building  a  mammoth  plant  in  Logan  Canon,  and  with 
the  power  of  Logan  River  is  developing  a  large  amount  of  energy,  which  will 
be  increased  during  1901  many-fold.  This  company  in  consolidation  with  the 
Provo  Company  is  the  newest  candidate  for  the  patronage  of  the  cities  and 
towns  between  Provo  and  Logan  and  adjacent  mining  camps.  The  horse- 
power of  these  two  plants  will  be  equal  to  that  of  the  Utah  Light  &  Power 
Company. 

SALT  LAKE  CITY  WATER  &  ELECTRICAL  POWER  COMPANY.— This  com- 
pany has  its  power  plant  and  installation  in  the  Jordan  narrows,  nineteen 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  close  to  the  lines  of  the  Rio  Grande  Western 
and  the  Oregon  Short  Line  railways.  Its  water-power  is  derived  from  the 
waters  of  Utah  Lake  flowing  through  the  Jordan  River.  The  total  amount 
of  power  available  under  a  head  of  seventy-five  feet- at  the  company's  power- 
house is  estimated  at  from  6,000  to  7,000  horse-power.  The  company  is  cap- 
italized at  $1,000,000.  The  distance  from  the  power  station  to  Bingham  is 
twelve  miles  and  to  Mercur  eighteen  miles,  to  both  of  which  points  power- 
transmission  lines  are  now  in  operation. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  to  what  an  advanced  stage  the  development  of  elec- 
trical energy  by  water-power  in  Utah  has  progressed.  Soon  the  use  of  coal 
for  power-making  will  be  obsolete,  and  every  great  mining  camp  and  impor- 
tant city  and  town  in  the  State  will  have  ample  power,  cheaply  delivered,  for 
all  purposes. 

IRRIGATION  COMPANIES.— In  the  early  portion  of  this  work,  under  the 
head  of  "Irrigation,"  reference  was  briefly  made  to  the  fact  that  many  large 
companies  have  undertaken  the  development  of  irrigation  systems  whereby 
vast  areas  of  unproductive  land  will  be  redeemed  and  made  available.  These 


UTAH.  77 

companies  construct  reservoirs  of  immense  area,  and  lead  therefrom  canals 
along  levels  sufficiently  high  to  bring  the  lands  sought  to  be  redeemed  under 
the  influence  of  the  water.  They  exchange  a  perpetual  water  right  for  each 
farm  for  a  nominal  sum  per  acre,  and  thereafter  charge  a  small  annual 
water  rate  per  acre.  The  entire  cost  to  the  farmer  is  but  little  compared  to 
the  benefit  received.  The  water  is  delivered  to  his  farm  without  any  ex- 
pense to  him  other  than  that  mentioned.  These  companies  are  responsible 
for  a  great  part  of  the  recent  increase  in  the  cultivated  area  of  the  State. 
They  usually  own  or  control  large  amounts  of  land,  which  they  sell  at  rea- 
sonable prices  and  upon  excellent  terms.  Those  who  are  able  to  purchase 
lands  will  find  it  to  their  interest  to  investigate  the  advantages  offered  by 
these  companies. 


COMMERCE. 

The  trade  and  commerce  of  Utah  is  not  limited  by  the  boundaries  of  the 
State,  but  extends  over  the  surrounding  inter-mountain  States.  The  follow- 
ing discussion  of  this  subject  in  a  book  recently  issued  by  the  Salt  Lake 
Chamber  of  Commerce  is  here  inserted: 

"In  these  matters,  as  in  most  others,  while  the  proportion  of  our  opera- 
tions may  not  be  so  great  as  to  excite  wonder  and  admiration,  it  must  be 
admitted  that  in  point  of  variety  no  other  State  or  Territory  can  view  us  with 
disdain.  We  have  examined  into  the  commercial  activities  of  many  States 
separately,  and  have  been  struck  with  the  prevailing  feature  that  each  State, 
as  a  general  proposition,  maintains  its  activity  in  special  lines,  but  in  Utah 
this  is  not  the  case.  The  range  of  subjects  which  the  man  of  trade  in  this 
State  is  called  upon  to  consider  is  bewildering,  and  as  varied  as  the  number- 
less resources— mineral,  agricultural  and  industrial— that  are  briefly  referred 
to  in  these  pages.  If  each  of  these  interests  can  be  developed,  as  we  believe 
they  will  be,  in  proportion  to  their  merits  and  the  opportunities  that  exist  in 
this  State,  the  future  of  trade  and  commerce  in  the  years  to  come  will  be  ex- 
ceedingly great.  The  demands  of  an  active  people,  somewhat  lavish  in  their 
requirements,  endowed  with  energy,  and  learning  to  demand  the  luxuries  as 
well  as  the  necessaries  of  life,  call  for  an  increasing  supply  of  the  staples 
that  engage  the  attention  of  commerce  in  every  country.  Not  judging  of  trade 
by  fluctuations  in  prosperity  which  affect  every  country,  but  marking  the 
progress  of  commerce  by  years  instead  of  by  months,  the  trade  of  the  whole 
State  has  increased  steadily,  until  the  volume  of  today  bears  an  astonishing 
relation  to  that  of  a  few  years  ago.  This  results  principally  from  the  fact 
that  year  in  and  year  out,  with  as  little  oscillation  as  obtains  in  any  other  re- 
gion, the  State  has  enjoyed  a  continuous  run  of  comparative  prosperity  for  a 
great  number  of  years.  We  do  not  wish  to  repeat  our  statements,  but  we 
cannot  refrain  from  claiming  that  this  is  essentially  due  to  the  variety  of 
means  by  which  the  well-being  of  the  residents  of  Utah  can  be  sustained. 

"In  the  larger  cities,  such  as  Ogden,  Provo,  Logan  and  Salt  Lake  City,  a 
genuine  jobbing  trade  is  supported.  We  have  wholesale  jobbing-houses, 
devoted  exclusively  to  dry  goods,  or  clothing,  or  groceries,  hardware,  fruits 
and  produce,  grain,  boots  and  shoes,  machinery  and  other  single  lines.  Their 
trade  is  not  confined  to  this  State  alone,  but  extends  for  hundreds  of  miles 
into  other  regions.  In  Salt  Lake  City  the  mercantile  agencies,  Dun's  and 
Bradstreet's,  have  important  offices.  Reports  are  made  daily  to  the  trade, 
and  hundreds  of  subscribers  maintain  this  important  feature  of  a  commercial 
center.  Not  a  few  of  the  central  cities  of  the  State  have  traders  and  mer- 
chants engaged  in  gathering  together  the  products  of  the  State  for  export  to 
remote  distances.  Grain,  seeds,  hides,  wool,  live-stock,  tallow,  furs,  skins, 
eggs,  butter,  poultry,  green  fruits  and  vegetables,  dried  fruits,  and  such 
things,  usually  sent  out  in  carload  lots,  return  a  considerable  revenue  to  many 


78  UTAH. 

of  the  towns  and  cities  adjacent  to  the  railways.  Besides  this,  those  engaged 
in  developing  the  mineral  and  other  resources  of  the  State  ship  a  great  many 
carloads  of  stone,  marble,  onyx,  asphaltum,  plaster  of  paris,  fire-brick,  etc., 
both  east  and  west.  The  shipment  of  ores  and  bullion,  gold,  silver  and  cop- 
per, is  confined  principally  to  the  work  of  the  banks  and  smelters,  and  this, 
more  than  all  else,  brings  the  ready  money  into  the  avenues  of  trade  and 
finance.  Our  imports  are  large — much  too  large  when  we  consider  the  oppor- 
tunities for  manufacture  that  exist  but  are  neglected  in  our  midst — but  it  is 
not  to  be  supposed  that  our  net  imports  are  measured  by  the  railroad  returns, 
because  a  large  proportion  of  what  we  bring  in  is  again  sent  out  into  the 
surrounding  country  by  our  jobbers.  In  a  number  of  the  larger  cities  some 
of  the  retail  stores  are  as  fine  as  any  in  the  West." 

The  general  credit  of  the  merchants  and  traders  of  Utah  is  first  class. 
Failures  are  comparatively  few.  The  daily  returns  of  the  Salt  Lake  clear- 
ing-house furnish  a  fair  means  of  measuring  business.  The  clearances  for 
1900  were  $120,676,183.18.  By  the  Salt  Lake  Tribune,  January  1,  1901,  the 
deposits  of  thirteen  Salt  Lake  banks  are  given  as  $16,747,874.96,  an  in- 
crease of  $1,801,083.50  over  1899,  and  the  loans  and  discounts  of  the  same 
banks  as  $6,905,239.09,  an  increase  of  $1,498,633.04.  To  the  conservative 
methods  employed  by  the  business  men  of  Utah  is  due-  the  resistance  they 
offered  to  the  direful  effects  of  the  panic  of  1893.  During  this  panic,  when 
the  banks  of  the  nation  were  going  to  the  wall  and  business  institutions  all 
over  the  land  were  crumbling  into  ruin,  the  banks  and  business  houses  of 
Utah,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  were  able  to  continue  without  inter- 
ruption. In  Salt  Lake  City  not  a  single  failure  occurred  among  the  banks, 
and  on  the  dangerous  days  which  succeeded  the  failure  of  the  banks  of 
Denver,  Cheyenne  and  the  cities  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  not  so  much  as  the 
suggestion  of  a  run  was  apparent  in  any  banking-house  in  the  city.  About 
this  time  bonds  of  Salt  Lake  City,  of  the  par  value  of  $600,000,  were  sold  in 
the  markets  of  the  East  at  a  premium.  But  few  foreclosures  of  mortgages 
occurred,  and  the  writer  is  informed  that,  during  the  year  which  \vitnessed 
the  greatest  effects  of  the  panic,  some  of  the  largest  loan  and  trust  com- 
panies doing  business  in  Utah  reported  not  a  single  default  of  either  principal 
or  interest  by  their  debtors.  These  striking  illustrations  of  business  sta- 
bility and  credit  result  from  the  methods  which  prevail  among  Utah's  busi- 
ness men.  They  are  and  always  have  been  inherently  opposed  to  doing  busi- 
ness on  credit  or  indulging  in  speculation.  Conservative  and  careful,  they 
never  permit  themselves  to  inaugurate  booms  or  utilize  their  credit  beyond 
the  certain  point  of  their  ability  to  make  their  payments. 

Nearly  every  year  shows  some  increase  in  the  railway  mileage  of  the 
State.  Salt  Lake  City  and  Ogden,  both  wholesale  centers,  send  their  goods 
throughout  Southern  and  Eastern  Utah,  and  have  been  brought  into  auspi- 
cious trade  relations  writh  the  Northern  and  Northwestern  inter-mountain 
States  and  the  Puget  Sound  country  by  one  of  the  component  parts  of  that 
great  Union  Pacific  system,  the  Oregon  Short  Line. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  Utah  belongs  in  the  list  of  its  resources  and  attractions, 
and  has  received  the  attention  of  some  of  the  best  writers  on  the  subject  in 
America,  many  of  whom  admit  that  it  approaches  very  near  to  the  ideal 
climate  for  which  mankind  is  constantly  in  search.  Father  Silvestre  Velez 
de  Escalaute,  who  reached  Utah  Lake  on  the  23d  day  of  September,  1776, 
and  who  was  the  first  white  man  to  set  foot  on  Utah  soil,  wrote  in  the  diary 
of  his  journey:  "Here  the  climate  is  so  delicious,  the  air  so  balmy,  that  it 
is  a  pleasure  to  breathe  by  day  and  by  night." 

The  most  fastidious  taste  for  climate  can  be  satisfied  in  Utah,  for  the 
State  has  as  many  different  climates  as  it  has  different  altitudes.  In  some 


UTAH. 


79 


localities  springtime  will  be  found  in  winter's  season,  in  other  the  seasons  are 
distinctly  marked,  and  there  are  localities  where  the  climate  is  fully  de- 
scribed by  the  expression  "winter  and  late  fall." 

But  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  for  fifty  or  more  miles  there- 
from in  every  direction,  is  the  climate  of  climates  found.  Within  that  region 
altitude  is  present  and  the  air  of  the  ocean  belongs  to  the  fortunate  dweller, 
for  the  breezes  born  in  the  pure  atmosphere  of  the  encircling  peaks  are 
salted  by  the  sea  as  they  are  wafted  across  the  2,500  square  miles  of  its 
surface. 

If  the  climate-hunter  expects  to  find  in  Utah  the  equability  of  tempera- 
ture such  as  the  resident  of  Southern  California  pretends  to  enjoy,  he  will  be 
disappointed.  The  climate  is  characterized  by  extremes  of  temperature  in 
summer  and  winter.  But  these  extremes  are,  happily,  no  greater  than  are 
necessary  to  good  health.  In  climates  where  the  average  of  temperature  is 
about  the  same  throughout  all  seasons  of  the  year  the  people  are  said  to 
soon  become  weary  of  the  monotony,  and  to  long  for  the  genial  warmth  of  a 
summer  day  and  the  invigorating  air  which  comes  with  the  snows  of  winter. 
If  we  are  to  take  the  judgment  of  men  who  have  made  different  climates  and 
their  effect  upon  the  human  family  a  distinct  study,  we  must  conclude  that 
climates  which  maintain  an  average  temperature  throughout  the  year  are  not 
conducive  to  the  well-being  of  humanity.  Such  climates  are  said  to  promote 
lassitude  and  indolence,  and  under  their  influence  the  human  mind,  it  is 
claimed,  does  not  develop  as  fully  as  it  does  where  extremes  of  temperature 
are  recorded.  These  writers  contend  that  the  majority  of  the  great  men  of 
the  United  States  were  born  and  reared  in  portions  of  the  country  where  ex- 
tremes of  temperature  occur. 


MEAN    TEMPERATURE. 

The  following  table  compiled  by  Prof.  James  Dryden,  of  the  State  Agri- 
cultural College,  Logan,  from  scattered  monthly  weather  reports  of  the 
Uniivd  States  Weather  Bureau,  shows  the  average  mean  temperature  for 
each  month  of  the  year  and  the  average  for  the  year  for  twelve  different  sec- 
tions of  Utah.  This  fairly  represents  the  different  portions  of  the  State: 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  AND  NUMBER  OF  YEARS  RECORDED. 


£ 

=    i 


Corinne 4232  24.9  29.6  40.2  51.0  61.7  72.0  80 

Fillmore 510027.027.739.448.657.765.973 

Fort  Duchesne 4941    9.8  18.9  36.6  49.2'57.3  65.6.71. 

Heber 5440  18.4  16.5  31.5  43.5  53.2  59. 1J66 

Levan 501020.522.635.145.856.1:64.172 

Loa ....  23.224.533.141.251.459.366 

Logan 477522.720.834.746.955.661.570 

Moab 400028.335.545.655.1  65.672.078 

Ogden 4307  28.0  32.5  41 .3  52.8  62.3  71 .4  79 

Parowan 5970  27.6  29.0  38.6  46.9  56.2  63.5  71 

St.  George 2880  36.0  40.2  49.5  56.8  64.4  72.9  79 

Salt  Lake  Citv 4354  27.8  32.8  41.6  49.2  58.5  67.8  75 

State ." 24.527.538.949.058.366.273 


6  65 
471 
464 
3  70 
774 
977 
070 
379 
874 
872 


866.251.636.329.151. 

465.252.841.1:29.1  50. 

8i62.6|47.833.820.545. 

4i55.345.435.: 

2J62. 2|47. 5  35. 2  24. 5  46. 

454.742.932.432.743. 

OJ61.351.037.' 

,4  64.6  52.4  88.8  32.ft53. 

,4  66.2  52.4  88.8«t. 6)52. 

9!59.9149.239.5->7.S4S. 

067.956.345.7:34.2.56. 

,864.353.340.132.251. 

5J62. 5150.2  38.8  28.4  49. 


25 


31 


80  UTAH. 

EXTREMES    OF    TEMPERATURE. 

The  mean  temperature,  however,  gives  at  very  best  a  very  imperfect  view 
of  the  temperature  conditions  of  a  locality.  The  extremes  must  be  studied  if 
we  wish  a  full  knowledge  of  the  subject.  The  following  table  gives  the  high- 
est and  lowest — maximum  and  minimum — temperatures  at  Salt  Lake  City 
for  each  month  of  a  period  of  five  years  (1891  to  1896),  and  may  be  taken  as 
indicative  of  the  extremes  to  be  expected  from  year  to  year: 

1891.     1892.       1893.       1894.  1895.  Average. 

January- 
Maximum 46           45           48           50  52           482 

Minimum 12            2            4          *1  0            3.4 

February- 
Maximum 55           60           49           43  54           52.2 

Minimum 3          12            5            6  3            5.8 

March — 

Maximum 64          68          73          67  76          69.6 

Minimum 12          26          23          20  16          19.4 

April— 

Maximum 79          73          72          77  79          76.0 

Minimum 24           26           26           30  23           25.8 

May- 
Maximum 86           85           86           85  83           85.0 

Minimum 38          36          34          33  33          34.8 

June- 
Maximum 84           98           92           89  90          90.6 

Minimum 41          38          42          49  38          39.8 

July- 
Maximum 98           96           99           96  95          96.8 

Minimum 45          55          52          53  52          51.4 

August- 
Maximum 95         100           96           95  97           96.6 

Minimum 50          45          52          56  52          51.0 

September- 
Maximum 89           90           86           85  90           88.0 

Minimum 38          48          33          37  29          37.0 

October- 
Maximum 77           80           77           77  81           78.4 

Minimum 30          30          30          28  32          30.0 

November — 

Maximum 72          66          64          64  66          66.4 

Minimum 20           18           13           19  20           18.0 

December— 

Maximum 51          55          57          56  46          53.0 

Minimum 0           *1           18            9  2            5.6 

Year—                                                    —       —          —  —          

Maximum 98         100           99          96  97          98.0 

Minimum 0           *1            4           *1  0              .4 

*Below  zero. 

This  table  shows  that  the  highest  temperature  reached  at  Salt  Lake  City 
during  the  five  years  was  100  degrees  (July,  1892).  The  average  maximum 
for  the  five  years  was  98.  The  average  minimum  is  four-tenths  of,  a  degree 
above  zero.  The  lowest  point  reached  during  the  five  years  was  1  below  zero. 

RANGE    OF    TEMPERATURE. 

The  average  monthly  and  yearly  range  of  temperature  at  the  points 
named  below  for  the  five  years  is  as  follows: 

Monthly.  Yearly. 

Corinne 49.0  111.6 

Fillmore 68.5  119.7 

Fort  Duchesne 59.6  121.4 

Heber 62.3  115.6 

Loa 63.0  113.9 

Logan 53.7  109.6 

Moab 56. 9  106.2 

Ogden 44.8  99.0 

Parowan 57.9  103.2 

St.  George 60.6  104.4 

Salt  Lake  City 48.2  97.6 

Average 56.8  109.3 


UTAH.  81 

SENSIBLE    TEMPERATURE. 

There  is  another  kind  of  temperature  that  we  must  not  omit  mention  of  in 
discussing  Utah's  climate,  and  that  is  the  "sensible"  temperature.  In  the 
humid  States  this  sensible  temperature  might  be  called  senseless  temperature, 
when  it  comes  to  a  comparison  with  Utah.  The  sensible  temperature  means 
the  temperature  that  is  actually  felt,  because  we  do  not  feel  the  degree  of 
heat  that  the  air  thermometer  indicates.  For  instance,  the  air  temperature 
in  midsummer  may  be  100,  but  the  temperature  actually  felt  by  the  body 
may  be  25  or  30  degrees  lower,  depending  upon  the  condition  of  the  atmos- 
phere and  other  things.  We  know  that  in  certain  sections  of  the  country  we 
feel  the  heat  more  than  we  do  in  Utah,  though  the  thermometer  may  be 
higher  in  Utah. 

To  illustrate  this  difference  in  fact  we  may  turn  to  the  records  of  the 
warm  spell  of  August,  189G,  at  New  York  City,  and  compare  the  same  with, 
the  warmest  month  at  Salt  Lake  City.  The  highest  temperature  at  New 
York  during  that  summer  was  94  degrees,  at  Salt  Lake  City  96  degrees. 

At  New  York  there  occurred  during  this  week,  as  shown  by  the  reports  of 
the  Health  Department,  648  deaths  from  sunstroke,  and  in  Brooklyn  215, 
while  at  Salt  Lake  City  during  the  .week  ending  July  14  no  fatalities  are  re- 
corded. At  the  former  city  a  weekly  maximum  temperature  of  90  degrees 
resulted  in  a  frightful  mortality,  while  a  weekly  temperature  of  93  at  Salt 
Lake  City  was  not  unduly  oppressive.  During  the  wreek  ending  August  22 
there  were  66  deaths  from  the  same  cause  in  New  York,  and  99  in  Brooklyn. 

It  is  a  question  of  evaporation.  Evaporation  is  a  cooling  process,  and  it  is 
constantly  going  on  from  the  surface  of  the  body.  The  moisture  that  is  per- 
spired by  the  body  is  evaporated  with  greater  or  less  rapidity;  it  is  greater 
when  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  in  addition  to  being  warm,  is  also  dry. 
Evaporation  is  also  accelerated  by  the  wind,  and  in  a  windy  day  the  evapo- 
ration is  greater,  and  there  is  a  consequent  greater  cooling  of  the  surface  of  the 
body.  The  use  of  a  fan  in  an  audience  illustrates  this  fact.  The  action  of  the 
fan,  no  matter  how  vigorously  applied  and  in  what  numbers,  will  not  reduce 
the  temperature  of  the  auditorium.  It  sometimes  increases  the  temperature 
of  the  preacher,  but  it  will  reduce  the  temperature  of  the  person  using  it  by 
accelerating  the  evaporation  of  moisture  from  the  skin. 

It  has  been  found  that  the  temperature  of  the  wet  bulb  thermometer  cor- 
responds to  the  temperature  of  persons  standing  in  the  shade  of  trees  and 
exposed  to  a  natural  breeze  of  at  least  six  miles  an  hour;  so  that  the  wet  bulb 
temperature,  which  is  the  temperature  of  evaporation,  has  come  to  be  known 
as  the  sensible  temperature,  and  the  recording  of  this  temperature  alongside 
of  the  air  temperature  has  now  become  a  part  of  the  work  of  the  United 
States  Weather  Bureau  observers.  This  departure  from  the  usual  custom 
of  taking  observations  should  be  appreciated  by  the  citizens  of  the  arid 
States. 

It  is  shown  in  this  way  that  the  sensible  temperature  of  Salt  Lake  City 
corresponds  to  about  that  of  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  Hal- 
ifax during  the  months  of  July  and  August.  New  York  City  has  a  sensible 
temperature  10  degrees  higher  than  Salt  Lake  City,  or  65  degrees.  At  the 
same  time,  the  maximum  air  temperature  at  New  York  is  about  80,  and  at 
Salt  Lake  City  85»  So  that  we  have  the  phenomenon  of  a  higher  air  tempera- 
ture at  Salt  Lake  City  than  at  New  York,  but  a  lower  sensible  tem- 
perature. Salt  Lake  City's  sensible  temperature  for  July  and  August  is 
about  55  'degrees  or  a  reduction  of  30  degrees,  due  to  evaporation.  Chicago 
and  Boston  have  each  a  sensible  temperature  of  about  62  degrees,  San 
Francisco  about  the  same.  San  Francisco  has  a  humid  atmosphere  like 
Chicago,  and  hence  its  sensible  temperature  is  also  high. 

This  is  all  very  satisfactory  to  the  arid  region.  It  is  seen  that  though  the 
air  temperature  in  our  dry  climate  is  considerably  higher  than  that  of  the 


82 


UTAH' 


humid  States,  the  sensible  temperature,  the  temperature  actually  felt  by  the 
human  body,  is  so  much  lower  in  the  arid  region  that  it  may  be  positively 
pleasant  in  the  mountain  valleys  and  at  the  same  time  decidedly  oppressive, 
often  fatally  so,  in  the  humid  East. 

It  will,  therefore,  be  appreciated  that  although  the  readings  of  the  ther- 
mometer may  be  the  same  at  sea  level  and  in  the  altitudes  o*n  the  same  day, 
the  sensible  temperature  of  the  two  places  will  be  widely  different. 

PRECIPITATION. 

STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  AVERAGE  MONTHLY  AND  ANNUAL  PRECIPITA- 
TION IN  INCHES,  AT  STATIONS  or  THE  UTAH  WEATHER  SERVICE  SINCE 
RECORDS  HAVE  BEEN  KEPT. 


r/2 

fc 

1 

. 

<D 

,0 

v 

,0 

O    . 

£ 

r* 

g 

t» 

5 

| 

0 

a 

cS 

r^  ^ 

- 

cS 

I      1 

| 

cS 

a> 
3 

's 
^ 

p 

s 

<D 
O2 

1 

o 
o 

o 

o> 

ft 

c 
p 

P 

Corinne  

1.27 

1.261.291.12 

1.12 

.58    .44 

.31 

.63 

.84 

1.07 

1.80 

11.73 

24-26 

Fill  more  

1.47 

1.68  1.65  2.25 

1.11 

.53     .51 

.83 

QU 

45 

73 

1.41 

13.60 

6-8 

Fort  Duchesne  

.38 

.50    .71    .77 

.79    .25    .48 

.631   .60 

.24 

.23 

6.35 

6-8 

Heber 

2  89 

2  16  °  15  1  01 

Qn 

35      75 

61  1  08 

94!      £0 

16  97 

3 

1  63 

1    83  9   93  9   99  9  (Y7 

69'     40 

77  1  39 

1  04 

76 

3  3>? 

18  45 

6  7 

57 

fiS,       IK       33 

08     87 

1  08      49 

46 

43 

45 

6  28 

4 

Logan  

1  55 

1.522.05  1.1212.06 

.78    .27 

.21  1-60 

30 

74 

1  55 

13  81 

3-5 

c.s 

73     86     88    .33 

.08'     64 

.51 

7<> 

42 

50 

1  07 

fi   Q^ 

6  7 

1  65 

1  511  57  1  47  1  4Q 

58      °5 

40 

68 

1  42 

1  12 

1  88    14  02 

24  26 

Parowan  

1.27 

1.562.031.35 

.95 

.171.09 

1.06 

1.04 

.71 

.57 

1.00    12.55 

5 

St  George          

1  01 

91 

60      27 

oo 

03'     33 

29 

41 

31 

44 

1  38 

6  31 

11-15 

Salt  Lake  City 

1  46 

1  31 

2  01  9  9d 

1  76 

78  1    ** 

75 

1  60 

1  48 

1  68 

16  53 

09.03 

State  Average  

1.31 

1.49 

1.11 

.55 

^S 

1.63 

1.32 

1.19 

.41 

.62 

.75 

11.96 



Those  interested  in  this  subject  will  bear  out  the  assertion  here  made 
that  Utah  thus  discussed  and  illustrated  by  the  foregoing  tables  will  be  an 
interesting  study  to  those  who  make  good  climate  a  condition  precedent  to 
permanent  location.  All  of  the  tables  and  much  of  the  foregoing  discussion 
was  prepared  by  Prof.  James  Dryden  of  the  State  Agricultural  College,  to 
whom  credit  is  here  given.  Truly,  there  is  no  better  climate  in  the  world 
than  that  of  Utah  and  the  famous  Salt  Lake  Valley.  As  Utah  has  varying 
altitudes,  so  Utah  has  varying  climates,  and  from  the  stock  on  hand  a  perfect 
fit  is  guaranteed.  In  Northern  Utah,  where  the  altitude  is  between  6,000  and 
7,000  feet,  the  winters  are  longer  and  colder,  and  the  summers  shorter  and 
cooler.  In  Salt  Lake  City,  where  the  altitude  is  4,260  feet,  autumn  and  spring 
rob  winter  and  summer  of  many  of  their  opening  and  closing  days.  The 
Great  Salt  Lake,  with  its  peculiar  influence,  tempers  the  severity  of  all  sea- 
sons, and  makes  them  genial  and  pleasant.  At  Salt  Lake  the  average  sum- 
mer temperature  is  72  degrees,  and  the  average  winter  temperature  32  de- 
grees. On  an  occasional  day  in  summer,  perhaps  once  each  year,  the  mer- 
cury reaches  100  degrees,  but  it  seldom  falls  below  zero,  and  when  it  does,  4 
degrees  below  is  the  usual  limit.  On  any  summer  day,  with  a  good  horse, 
the  resident  of  Salt  Lake  City  can,  by  driving  up  any  one  of  its  picturesque 
canons,  obtain,  within  two  or  three  hours,  all  of  the  different  climates  in  the 
category.  The  limits  of  his  drive  may  be  the  eternal  snows  on  the  one  side 
and  the  flowers  blooming  on  the  banks  of  the  Jordan  on  the  other.  In  Wash- 
ington County,  Southern  Utah,  where  the  altitude  is  only  a  few  hundred  feet 
above  sea-level,  the  climate  is  semi-tropical.  There  geraniums  and  other 


UTAH.  83 

tender  plants  thrive  out  of  doors  throughout  all  the  winter  season,  and  figs 
and  almonds  are  grown.  Saint  George  is  the  chief  city  in  this  region,  and 
the  time  is  coming  when  it  will  be  the  Mecca  of  seekers  for  a  perfect  winter 
home. 

It  is  a  safe  assertion  to  make  that  no  one  in  Utah  is  dissatisfied  with 
Utah's  climate,  and  that  when  the  wonders  of  it  are  better  known  the  State 
will  become  the  abiding  place  of  thousands  who  are  wearied  with  the  rigor- 
ous climates  of  other  portions  of  the  United  States.  The  funnel-shaped 
cloud  which  comes  without  warning  and  scatters  ruin  and  death  along  its 
trail,  has  never  invaded  Utah.  A  safe  barrier  against  the  approach  of  this 
dreaded  monster  of  the  air  is  the  mighty  system  of  mountains  which  encom- 
pass Utah  about.  Here  are  some  interesting  facts  gleaned  from  the  records 
of  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau  at  Salt  Lake: 

The  average  velocity  of  the  wind  per  hour  is  5.2  miles.  In  Boston  it  is 
9.2;  in  Sandusky,  Ohio,  12.8;  in  St.  Louis,  9.8;  Cheyenne,  10.6;  Denver,  6.3; 
San  Francisco,  9.3.  This  velocity  is  less  in  winter  than  in  summer.  High 
winds  are  very  rare,  whereas  in  many  Eastern  cities  a  velocity  of  60  to 
70  miles  per  hour  is  frequently  recorded.  Damp  winds  are  unknown.  The 
relative  humidity  is  48.3.  In  Los  Angeles  it  is  66.  In  New  York  it  is  68. 
The  mean  temperature  at  Salt  Lake  for  1900  was  54  degrees,  or  three  de- 
grees above  the  normal.  The  annual  average  mean  range  of  temperature  is 
51.5;  the  average  monthly  range  is  47,  and  the  average  daily  range  is  20.2. 
This  means  that  we  have  spring,  summer,  autumn  and  winter.  Showers  and 
blossoms  in  spring,  warmth  and  fruitfulness  in  summer,  bracing  open 
weather  in  the  autumn,  and  snowfall  and  frost,  sleighing  and  skating  in 
winter.  Professor  Jones  says: 

"It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  climate  where  there  is  no  difference  be- 
less  than  90  degrees  than  it  is  more  than  100.  At  Montral  the  annual  range 
tween  Christmas  and  the  Fourth  of  July,  where  every  day  is  like  every  other, 
except  for  the  dust,  is  a  first-class  place  to  die  in,  but  to  live  we  want  a  cli- 
mate that  will  hold  up  all  our  energies,  that  will  bring  out  all  our  powers, 
and  keep  us  alive  and  progressive  without  making  us  suffer  because  of  its 
rigor.  This  we  have  in  Utah." 

The  records  show  that  the  extreme  yearly  range  of  temperature  is  oftener 
is  140  degrees;  New  York  City,  114;  St.  Louis,  113;  Chicago,  132;  Denver, 
Colo.,  126.  The  number  of  clear  and  sunshiny  days  at  Salt  Lake  averaged 
for  twenty  years  was  287.  Winter  seriously  begins  about  Christmas  time, 
and  ceases  about  the  1st  of  March.  The  first  light  frost  generally  comes 
early  in  October,  and  there  is  none  later  than  April.  With  these  general 
observations,  the  writer  offers  the  testimony  of  individuals  familiar  with  the 
climate  of  Utah,  and  of  eminent  physicians  who  have  made  it  and  its  effect 
upon  diseases  a  study. 

Prof.  Marcus  E.  Jones  reviews  the  climate  of  Salt  Lake  City  for  a  single 
year  as  follows: 

"Suppose  a  stranger  comes  here  from  the  East;  the  first  thing  he  notices 
is  the  buoyancy  and  elasticity  of  his  step;  he  can  hardly  get  enough  air  into 
his  lungs,  and  he  expands  them  and  takes  long  draughts  with  as  much  relish 
as  he  would  do  so  much  cool  water  when  nearly  famished  with  thirst;  his 
clothing  feels  warm  and  dry,  all  his  vital  powers  are  quickened,  and  he  enjoys 
everything  with  a  keen  relish.  Suppose  he  comes  here  in  October.  The  air 
is  delightful,  just  cool  enough  to  give  spice  to  everything.  At  first  the  day 
temperature  runs  from  70  degrees  up  to  80,  but  each  day  it  grows  a  little 
cooler.  The  skies  are  clear,  and  just  as  the  haze  is  beginning  to  accumu- 
late we  are  favored  with  a  shower,  which  clears  the  air  and  drops  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  rain  in  the  valley,  and  tinges  the  lofty  mountain 
peaks  with  white.  These  showers  occur  on  an  average  once  a  week  during 
October.  Following  the  rain  we  may  have  a  slight  frost,  which  gradually 
tains,  till  at  length  the  painting  is  gorgeous  wherever  the  eye  falls  upon  the 
turns  the  aspens  into  gold  and  the  maples  and,  oaks  to  crimson  on  the  nioun- 
hills.  Each  day  is  a  little  cooler  than  its  predecessor,  but  there  are  no  chill- 


84  UTAH. 

ing  blasts,  no  snow,  nor  drizzling  and  drenching  rains;  it  is  more  like  the 
Indian  summers  of  the  States,  but  with  far  less  haze.  October  shades  off 
into  November;  the  showers  come  every  four  or  five  days,  but  not  so  much 
in  quantity  each  time;  the  snow  creeps  down  the  mountains;  the  night  tem- 
perature goes  to  or  a  little  below  the  freezing  point,  and  the  day  at  first  is 
about  45  degrees,  but  gradually  lowers  to  32  at  the  close  of  the  month,  while 
the  night  is  from  5  to  10  degrees  lower,  but  yet  no  storms  other  than  the 
brief  showers.  The  streets  continue  dusty  through  this  month  and  up  to 
Christmas.  December  is  a  continuation  of  the  preceding  month,  but  still 
colder,  with  showers  or,  rarely,  a  flurry  of  snow,  seldom  exceeding  a  tenth  of 
an  inch  at  a  time,  but  coming  every  third  day  till  Christmas,  when,  either 
just  before  or  just  after  it,  we  have  our  first  snowstorm,  which  ushers  in  our 
'cold  snap,'  as  Salt  Lakers  call  it,  which  last  for  two  or  three  days,  or 
even  a  week,  when  the  thermometer  goes  down  nearly  to  zero  for  a  night 
or  two.  Sometimes  our  cold  spell  comes  in  November  and  sometimes  in 
January.  In  January  the  flurries  of  snow  come  every  third  day,  sometimes 
melting  as  fast  as  they  fall,  and  at  other  times  remaining  on  the  ground  till 
we  have  four'  or  five  inches,  but  the  snow  soon  melts  off,  so  that  by  the  close 
of  January  the  ground  is  bare  and  spring  weather  begins.  During  the  whole 
of  our  six  weeks  of  what  we  call  winter  there  are  no  blizzards.  The  sun  is 
shining  brightly  most  of  the  time,  and  the  cold  is  quite  steady,  what  there  is 
of  it;  the  mean  daily  range  is  about  20  per  cent,  less  than  that  of  Los  Angeles 
during  the  same  time.  In  the  early  part  of  February  there  are  more  or  less 
falls  of  snow,  that  usually  melt  as  they  fall,  but  by  the  middle  of  the  month 
flowers  are  generally  in  bloom  on  the  bench  back  of  the  city.  The  number 
of  rainy  or  snowy  days  is  about  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  month.  What 
wind  there  is  comes  from  the  south  or  east,  and  is  warm.  The  average 
movement  is  less  than  five  miles  per  hour.  March  warms  up  gradually;  there 
are  about  two  showers  per  week  in  the  valley,  and  if  they  come  in  the  night 
there  is  a  little  snow  on  the  ground  at  sunrise,  but  it  is  gone  quickly.  The 
streets  soon  get  dusty,  only  to  be  moistened  up  by  the  next  shower,  and  by 
the  latter  part  of  the  month,  or  the  first  of  the  next,  the  fruit  trees  are  in 
bloom  and  the  gardens  are  all  made.  The  wind  movement  is  less  than  five 
miles  per  hour.  We  do  not  experience  those  proverbial  March  gales  so  com- 
mon in  the  East.  The  average  temperature  has  now  risen  to  nearly  60  de- 
gree. With  the  advent  of  April  come  the  warm  showers,  averaging  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  at  a  time,  and  coming  a  little  more  often  than  twice  a  week,  but 
lasting  only  a  few  hours  at  a  time.  The  warm  south  winds  also  help  greatly 
to  bring  all  the  vegetation  into  full  blast.  By  the  8th  of  the  month  the  last 
frost  has  come  and  gone.  The  wind  is  but  slightly  over  five  miles  per  hour. 
Everybody  looks  for  the  showers  with  delight.  A  hard  clap  of  thunder  is  a 
curiosity.  No  one  fears  a  tornado,  for  we  never  have  any.  The  drizzling 
rains,  lasting  for  a  week,  and  the  somber  clouds  obscuring  the  sun  for  many 
days,  we  never  have.  Fogs  occur  perhaps  once  or  twice  for  a  part  of  a  day 
during  the  year,  enough  to  show  us  what  we  have  escaped  by  coming  to 
Utah.  In  May  there  is  one  shower  a  w^eek,  and  on  a  number  of  other  days 
we  have  little  sprinkles.  By  the  close  of  the  month  the  temperature  has 
risen  to  70  degrees,  and  the  bathing  at  the  lake  has  begun.  In  June  there 
are  three  showers  every  two  weeks.  The  daily  temperature  has  risen  to  75, 
and  even  80  degrees,  by  the  end  of  the  month.  The  wind  movement  still 
continues  about  five  miles  per  hour.  The  snow  has  disappeard  from  all  the 
mountains,  the  streams  are  running  full  with  water  from  the  melting  snows, 
fruits  begin  to  ripen,  the  crops  are  coming  on  excellently,  the  schools  are 
closing,  and  everybody  is  getting  ready  for  the  summer  holidays.  Before  the 
month  is  up  there  are  many  camping  parties  scattered  all  through  the  moun- 
tains, fishing,  hunting  and  enjoying  the  cool  and  even  frosty  nights,  while 
those  remaining  in  the  city  are  going  by  thousands  daily  to  enjoy  the  de- 
licious bathing  in  the  lake.  In  July  there  are  about  two  showers  every  three- 
weeks.  The  average  temperature  is  abou  76  degrees,  and  the  night  tempera- 
ture often  goes  below  60  degrees,  so  that  there  is  seldom  any  inconvenience 


UTAH. 


85 


'Or  difficulty  about  sleeping  well.  The  dry  air,  which  gets  heated  up  during 
the  day,  cools  off  rapidly  as  soon  as  the  sun  goes  down.  August  has  more 
-showers  than  July,  and  is  cooler.  September  is  still  cooler  than  August,  and 
is  about  as  showery.  People  begin  to  return  from  their  vacations  refreshed 
and  ready  for  another  year's  work.  This  is  the  round  of  Salt  Lake's  climate, 
and  it  differs  but  little  from  year  to  year.  One  great  feature  of  our  location 
is  our  proximity  to  the  mountains,  where  we  can  get  any  weather  we  may 
^desire.  Suppose  a  person  should  become  tired  of  the  summer  weather,  as  is 
very  liable  to  be  the  case  in  the  East.  His  only  solace  there  is  that  it  can- 
not be  helped,  and  he  must  sweat  it  out;  but  here  all  that  is  necessary  is  to 
ride  twenty-five  miles  on  the  train,  and  he  is  in  the  heart  of  the  mountains, 
at  an  elevation  of  8,500  feet  above  the  sea,  where  it  is  so  cool  that  it  freezes 
every  night  in  the  year,  and  so  he  can  roll  up  in  several  blankets  and  enjoy 
nature's  sweet  restorer,  sleep.  The  value  of  such  opportunities  cannot  be 
reckoned  nor  overestimated  in  comfort  or  health.  Is  it  any  wonder  that 
Utah  people  are  proud  of  their  climate  and  position,  which  combine  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  seacoast  (bathing),  the  cool  mountain  retreats,  the  products 
of  agriculture  and  the  conveniences  of  advanced  civilization  all  in  one? 
How  pleasant  it  is  to  camp  in  the  mountains  or  fish  and  hunt  with  the  knowl- 
edge that  we  shall  not  be  troubled  with  mosquitoes,  gnats,  fleas  or  jiggers; 
that  there  will  be  no  dews,  or  very  little,  to  wet  our  feet  and  clothing;  that 
if  we  are  caught  in  a  storm  it  will  last  but  an  hour  or  two,  and  then  clear  off 
as  fine  as  ever;  that  if  the  sun  gets  too  hot  we  can  stand  in  the  shade  for  a 
few  minutes  and  cool  off  to  our  satisfaction,  and  that  on  our  return  from  the 
day's  jaunt  we  can  be  sure  of  a  refreshing  sleep  and  full  recuperation  for  the 
duties  of  the  morrow!" 

Doctor  Standard,  for  many  years  an  authority  in  Utah  upon  the  climate 
of  the  State,  speaks  of  it  as  "the  most  unique  and  wonderful  climate  on  the 
face  of  the  globe." 

TABLE 

OF  MEAN,  EXTREMES  AND  RANGE  OF  TEMPEEATURE  ANNUALLY  AND 
AMOUNT  OF  PRECIPITATION  FOR  PERIOD  EXTENDING  FROM  1875  TO 
1897,  INCLUSIVE,  PREPARED  BY  THE  OBSERVER  OF  THE  U.  S.  WEATHER 
BUREAU  AT  SALT  LAKE  CITY. 


Years. 


Mean. 


1875 51.3 

1876 50.6 

1S77 51.0 

1878 51.3 

1879 53.2 

1880 54.0 

1881 51.5 

1882 49.2 

18S3 50.8 

1SS4 50.9 

1885 52.3 

1886 51.6 

1887 52.7 

18S8 53.0 

18S9 52.7 

1890 51.3 

1891 50.6 

1892 52.7 

1893 50.2 

1S94 50.8 

1895 50.2 

1896 51.5 

1897 50.2 

..  51.5 


Temperature. 
Maximum.    Minimum. 

101 

5 

97 

no 

7 

y<$ 
97 

5 

97 

—10 

95 

2 

100 

2 

96 

0 

100 

—20 

93.2 

—13 

100.3 

4.6 

99.1 

—2.9 

97.9 

8.7 

98.2 

—16.7 

102 

5 

100 

—6 

98 

0 

100 

1 

99 

4 

96 

1 

97 

0 

97 

—2 

98 

2 

Precipitation, 
Range.         Inches. 

96 

23.64 

90 

21.28 

95 

16.35 

92 

19.75 

107 

13.11 

93 

10.94 

98 

16.88 

96 

15.98 

120 

14.24 

106.2 

17.52 

95.7 

19.69 

102.0 

18.89 

89.2 

11.66 

114.9 

13.62 

97 

18.46 

106 

.     10.33 

98 

15.92 

101 

13.35 

95 

17.35 

97 

15.27 

97 

11.95 

99 

18.42 

96 

16.74 

98.1 


—9 


94.8 


16.15 


Average 

Dr.  Thomas  J.  Mays  states:  "It  may  be  truthfully  said  that  there  is  no 
other  element  in  our  environment  which  modifies  the  bodily  structure  more 
palpably  than  mountain  elevation.  This  influence  pertains  especially  to  the 


86 


UTAH. 


respiratory  organs,  and  is  principally,  if  not  entirely,  exerted  by  the  thinness 
or  attenuation  of  the  atmosphere,  and  by  a  diminution  of  air  pressure  on 
the  outside  of  the  body.  It  is  estimated  that,  at  an  elevation  of  6,000  feet, 
the  air  contains  about  25  per  cent,  less  oxygen  than  it  does  at  the  seashore, 
and  that  the  body  is  relieved  of  nearly  7,000  pounds  of  outside  pressure. 
Hence,  ascending  into  a  rarefied  environment,  the  pulse  is  accelerated  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  beats  per  minute,  the  respiration  is  quickened,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  required  amount  of  oxygen,  and  evaporation  from  the  skin  and 
lungs  is  increased.  Protracted  residence  in  such  a  region  enlarges  the  chest 
capacity  to  a  marked  extent." 

Doctor  Niles  says:  "The  physiological  action  of  the  climate  is  that  of  a 
strong  stimulant  tonic  to  the  whole  constitution,  and  especially  to  the  nervous 
system.  It  is  difficult  for  one  who  has  never  experienced  the  effects  by  com- 
ing from  a  low  to  a  very  high  place  to  understand  the  wonderful  exhilaration 
that  follows  breathing  this  dry,  rarefied  air.  Those  in  health  feel  and  enjoy 
the  powerful  tonic — almost  intoxicating — effect,  but  not  to  the  marked  degree 
that  the  invalid  does.  It  seems  to  supply  a  necessity  in  his  case;  nor  are  the 
effects  limited  to  a  temporary  stimulant,  to  be  followed  by  a  corresponding 
depression.  Very  soon  his  appetite  is  better,  his  digestion  improves,  the 
feeling  of  lassitude  disappears,  exercise  becomes  a  pleasure,  and  he  is  able  to 
enjoy  the  outdoor  life  to  which  he  is  invited  by  new  scenes,  sunny  skies  and 
bracing  air.  With  the  increased  exercise  there  is  a  more  rapid  gain  in  weight 
and  strength. 

"Dryness,  equability,  plenty  of  sunshine,  absence  of  high  winds,  and  cool- 
ness are  all  valuable  and  necessary  high-altitude  climatic  features,  and 
no  place  should  be  chosen  where  these  conditions  do  not  exist.  But  it  is  un- 
doubtedly the  stimulus  of  the  lessened  atmospheric  pressure  that  exerts  the 
most  profound  influence,  and,  more  than  anything  else,  it  is  the  adaptation  of 
this  factor  to  the  needs  of  the  patient  that  decides  the  result." 

AVERAGES  AT  SALT  LAKE  CITY  OF  EACH  MONTH  FOR  SEVEN- 
TEEN YEARS,   OF  SEASONS   AND   YEARS. 


TEMPERATURE. 

WIND. 

PRECIPITATION. 

02      • 

.2 

§§> 

0 

oj 

fee 

2 

£ 

<D 

YEAR. 

1 

l| 

Is 

O  fl 

W    CJJ 

!| 

1 
1*i 

o 
'•£ 
o 
* 

p 

1 

0) 

l| 

1 
o 

a 

O 

^ 

^o 

^> 

& 

^2 

^  !>> 

t> 

r^H   I"H 

0 

§ 

o| 

— 

oS 

°j>, 

«3 

ft 

3 

|| 

1 

M 

13 

g  c 

S  o 

£  o 

fl'S 

g 

> 

^i-H 

"* 

a 

a 

S1^ 

A 

a" 

oa, 

S 

1° 

1 

2 
fi 

1^ 

1 

I 

s 

Is 

December,.  . 

33.3 

51.1 

13.6 

44.7 

25.0 

14.6 

SE 

4.1 

3,032 

65.9 

1.73 

5.7 

January  

28.0 

47.2 

10.5 

48.1 

24.3 

15.7 

SE 

4.1 

3,155 

63.8 

1.48 

5.1 

February  — 

33.6 

53.1 

13.6 

46.1 

26..S 

15.7 

SE 

4.6 

3,163 

61.7 

1.35 

5.2 

March 

41  9 

65  5 

23  3 

47.8 

32.6 

18.5 

N  W 

5  5 

4,151 

53.7 

2.00 

4  9 

April    

49.9 

72.5 

81.0 

47^0 

35.2 

20.1 

N  W 

6.1 

4^435 

49.7 

2.39 

5.0 

May   . 

58.1 

82.7 

37  4 

50  0 

38  8 

22  2 

N  W 

6  3 

4  647 

45.7 

1.66 

4.3 

June  

67.4 

90.9 

45.2 

49.9 

40.4 

24.4 

N  W 

6.2 

4^425 

39.5 

0.77 

3.1 

July  

75.7 

95.4 

53.6 

45.9 

41.5 

24.8 

NW 

5.6 

4,131 

37.4 

0.40 

3.2 

August  

75.0 

95.0 

52.5 

46.7 

40.4 

24.1 

SE 

5.5 

4,418 

37.5 

0.75 

3.1 

September  .  . 

64.6 

87.1 

48.3 

49.5 

39.5 

23.6 

N  W 

5.4 

3,846 

38.2 

0.88 

2.8 

October  

51.9 

75.6 

30.8 

49.6 

35.0 

20.5 

N  W 

4.9 

3.630 

47.6 

1.67 

3.7 

November... 

39.2 

61.6  *  18.6 

46.2 

30.0 

17.5 

N  W 

3.9       2,815 

56.3 

1.36 

4.4 

AVERAGE  OF  EACH  SEASON. 


Winter  
Fall  

31.6 
51.9 

50.6 
73.6 

12.6 
30.9 

46.3 
34.8 

25.3 
34.8 

15.3 
20.5 

SE 
N  W 

4.3 
4.7 

9,350 
10  291 

63.8 
47.4 

4.56 
3.91 

16.0 
10.9 

Summer  

72.7 
50  0 

93.8 
74  8 

50.4 
30  6 

47.5 
48  3 

40.8 
35  5 

24.4 
20  3 

N  W 
N  W 

5.8 
6  0 

12,674 
13  233 

38.1 
49  7 

1.92 
6.05 

9.4 
14.2 

Tear  

51.5 

73.1 

31.1 

47.2 

34.1 

20.1 

NNW 

5.6 

45,548 

49.7 

16.44 

50.5 

UTAH.  87 

The  above  table,  prepared  from  the  records  of  the  Signal  Service,  exhibits 
the  average  of  the  extreme  range  of  temperature,  not  of  the  maximum  and 
minimum  of  each  day  in  the  month,  but  of  the  single  highest  and  lowest  read- 
ing in  each  month,  and  also  of  that  day  .in  each  month  on  which  the  range 
was  greatest;  the  mean  temperature  by  months;  the  mean  daily  range;  direc- 
tion and  velocity,  and  total  movement  of  the  winds;  relative  humidity;  pre- 
cipitation, etc.,  by  months,  period  of  observation  covering  seventeen  years. 
The  figures  under  the  head  of  "average  cloudiness"  give  the  total  actual 
cloudiness  from  daily  observations.  For  the  purpose  of  observation  the  day 
is  divided  into  tenths,  the  cloudy  tenths  noted,  added  together,  and  divided 
by  the  number  of  days  in  the  month.  Thus  the  figures  represent  not  50.1  full 
cloudy  days  in  the  year,  but  the  equivalent  of  50.1  full  cloudy  days  distributed 
throughout  the  year. 


ATTRACTIONS. 

Utah,  costumed  in  the  gray  of  her  mountain  sides  and  the  green  and  gold 
of  her  fertile  valleys,  her  head  crowned  with  the  white  of  the  never-melting 
snows,  and  glorified  with  tints  from  the  palette  of  the  sun;  her  bosom  decked 
with  the  beautiful  jewel,  her  mysterious  and  salty  sea;  with  her  rivers 
winding  like  ribbons  of  silver  about  her  showy  form,  and  her  lakes  and 
springs  sparkling  amid  the  undulations  of  her  wondrous  attire — is  an  attrac- 
tion in  herself. 

THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE  has  long  been  accounted  one  of  the  marvels  of 
creation.  Baron  La  Hontan,  in  1689,  gathered  from  the  Western  Indians 
some  vague  notions  of  its  existence.  His  imagination  led  him  to  tell  strange 
tales  of  a  bearded  people  who  dwelt  in  powerful  cities  on  its  fertile  shores, 
and  navigated  its  briny  waves  with  boats  130  feet  long.  About  1776  Father 
Escalante  reached  Utah  Lake,  and  was  there  told  by  the  Indians  of  another 
and  greater  lake  to  the  north,  the  waters  of  which  were  "noxious  and  ex- 
tremely salt,"  producing  "an  itching  sensation  in  the  moistened  part."  In 
1820  Mr.  Miller,  of  the  Astor  party,  saw  and  visited  the  lake,  and  the  same 
year  Prevost  trapped  in  its  vicinity.  In  1824  James  Bridger  looked  upon  its 
waters,  and  to  him,  according  to  some  writers,  belongs  the  honor  of  its  dis- 
covery. In  1826  four  trappers  sailed  around  it  in  hide  canoes,  searching  for 
beaver.  In  1831  or  1832  Captain  Bonneville  examined  and  wrote  an  account 
of  the  lake.  Washington  Irving  thereupon  gave  it  the  name  of  "Lake  Bonne- 
ville," which  it  bore  until  1843,  when  John  C.  Fremont,  with  Kit  Carson 
and  others,  explored  it,  determined  accurately  its  latitude  and  longitude,  and 
gave  it  the  name  which  it  now  bears.  In  1847  the  Mormon  pioneers  laid  the 
foundation  of  Salt  Lake  City  on  its  shores,  and  since  then  all  that  is  known 
concerning  its  peculiarities  has  been  given  to  the  world.  Much  speculation 
has  been  indulged  in  as  to  its  origin.  Geology  has  traced  far  up  the  moun- 
tain sides,  from  Idaho  to  Arizona,  the  high- water  line  of  an  ancient  lake,  to 
which  the  Government  has  lately  given  the  name  "Lake  Bonneville."  Some 
say  this  ancient  lake  shrunk  gradually  as  the  centuries  retreated,  the  saltiness 
of  its  waters  increasing  in  the  proportion  that  evaporation  exceeded  inflow, 
until  Utah's  Dead  Sea  is  all  that  is  left  of  old  Lake  Bonneville.  Some  say 
it  was  once  a  fresh-water  lake,  and  that  inflowing  saline  streams  have  given 
it  its  present  density.  But  it  is  idle  to  speculate  on  this  subject.  Utah  has 
the  lake,  and  numbers  it  among  the  greatest  benefactions  she  has  received 
from  nature's  hand.  The  area  of  this  body  of  water  varies  with  the  seasons. 
Having  no  outlet,  it  loses  none  of  its  volume  except  by  evaporation.  Its 
waters  ebb  and  flow  as  the  seasons  are  wet  and  dry.  Since  the  settlement 
of  the  pioneers  the  extremes  have  been,  lowest  water  in  1867,  highest  water 
in  1887.  Owing  to  these  variations,  it  is  impossible  to  give  an  accurate 
statement  of  the  width  and  length  of  the  lake.  Professor  Jones  says  it  is 
seventy-five  miles  Jong  by  fifty  miles  wide,  in  the  widest  place,  and  that  it  is 


88  UTAH. 

350  miles  in  circumference.  Two  thousand  five  hundred  square  miles  is  its 
generally  accepted  area.  Its  average  depth  is  about  fifteen  feet,  and  its 
greatest  depth  about  thirty-three  feet,  though  these  depths  vary  in  different 
years.  In  density  the  lake  is  about  20  per  cent,  solid  matter.  This  also 
varies  with  the  oscillations,  being  greatest  when  the  lake  is  shallowest.  Three 
rivers  and  several  small  streams  comprise  the  inlets.  The  water  is  a  beau- 
tiful green,  and  so  clear  that  objects  can  be  distinctly  seen  at  a  depth  of  from 
fifteen  to  twrenty-five  feet.  Ordinarily  the  surface  of  the  lake  is  placid,  but 
it  has  "times  of  noble  energy,"  as  well  as  "times  of  perfect  peace."  Occa- 
sionally storms  rage  over  it,  and  then  its  waves  roll  high  and  dash  upon  the 
shore  with  almost  the  force  of  the  waves  of  old  ocean.  Tales  have  been 
told  of  schools  of  whales  that  disport  themselves  in  the  waters  of  the  lake, 
but  these  are  fables.  Nothing  lives  in  the  lake  except  a  minute  shrimp,  from 
one-quarter  to  one-half  an  inch  in  length,  whicli  Professor  Jones  compares 
to  "a  small  minnow  with  a  feathery  tail."  Of  the  feathered  tribe  none 
seek  the  lake  but  the  seagull,  of  which  there  are  thousands.  These  describe 
graceful  circles  above  it,  or  dance  upon  its  billows,  seeking  at  certain  seasons 
the  mountain  islands,  of  which  the  lake  has  eight,  and  there  hatching  and 
raising  their  young.  Upon  the  climate  of  the  surrounding  region  this  strange 
body  of  water  exercises  a  peculiar  influence,  tempering  the  extremes  of  sum- 
mer and  winter,  and  giving  to  the  air  a  delightful  softness.  Residents  for 
250,905,600,000.  Estimating  this  vast  volume  of  salt  at  the  present  market 
price,  he  gives  it  a  total  value  of  $103,483,296,000.  This  salt,  the  same 
many  miles  about  it  enjoy  the  anomaly  of  a  sea  breeze  at  4,000  feet  above  the 
tide.  The  lake's  value  to  Utah,  in  a  material  sense,  is  known  to  be  very  great. 
Thousands  of  tons  of  salt  are  evaporated  from  its  waters  every  year  by  com- 
panies operating  plants  along  its  shore.  This  salt  finds  its  way  in  a  crude 
state  to  the  stock  ranges  of  the  West,  and  vast  amounts  of  it  are  consumed 
in  chlorodizing  the  ores  of  "Silverland."  Much  of  it  is  refined  and  sold  for 
table  and  dairy  use.  To  compute  the  present  value  of  the  salt  it  contains 
is  to  drive  mathematics  to  the  limits  of  endurance.  A  writer  in  the  Utalmian 
states  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  salt  in  the  waters  of  the  lake  to  be 
writers  says,  loaded  in  cars,  ten  tons  to  a  car,  would  fill  958,424,960  cars, 
and  make  a  train  long  enough  to  reach  over  200  times  around  the  earth. 

But  to  appreciate  the  grandeur  of  the  lake,  and  the  blessing  it  is  to  the 
people  of  Utah,  the  reader  should  visit  Garfield  Beach,  where  thousands  an- 
nually lave  in  its  briny  waters  and  float  upon  its  buoyant  waves.  Garfield 
is  a  model  pleasure  place.  The  architecture  of  its  commodious  and  well- 
appointed  structures  is  in  every  way  attractive.  A  beautiful  dancing  and 
observation  pavilion  is  situated  out  in  the  lake,  several  hundred  feet  from  the 
shore,  and  here  the  finest  music  is  furnished  for  dancers.  On  the  shore  are 
restaurants,  drinking  places,  shaded  walks  and  all  the  other  accompani- 
ment of  a  well-conducted  resort.  Close  at  hand  is  a  roomy,  open  pavilion, 
wherein  summer  opera  is  given  and  other  stage  amusements  presented.  Gar- 
field  is  the  only  resort  upon  the  lake  having  a  sandy  shore,  and  the  great 
patronage  it  receives  from  women  and  children  is  due  in  part  to  this  circum- 
stance. Beyond  the  pavilion  the  luxury  of  deep-sea  bathing  may  be  had, 
but  near  the  shore  the  water  murmurs  over  the  shallows,  and  there  the  timid 
and  the  untried,  the  ladies  and  the  babies,  may  watch — 

"The  waves  that  reach 
Their  jeweled  fingers  up  the  sanded  beach," 

and  alternate  between  a  bath  in  the  velvety  sand  and  in  the  waters  along  the 
shore.  Much  has  been  written  descriptive  of  the  bath  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
but  neither  pencil  nor  pen  can  adequately  describe  it.  Those  who  indulge  in 
in  it  have  a  sense  of  perfect  security  and  strange  exhilaration.  Strengthened 
by  the  salt,  the  arms  of  the  waves  bear  the  bather  on  their  surface.  While 
the  men  lie  prone  upon  their  backs  with  folded  arms,  and  smoke  as  the  waters 
rock  them,  and  the  women  grace  the  swelling  bosom  of  the  sea  with  their 


UTAH.  89 

floating  forms,  the  liappy  children  play  and  paddle  in  the  shadow  of  the  piers. 
But  the  pleasure  of  a  visit  to  this  delightful  resort  does  not  cease  with  the 
bath  it  affords.  The  lover  of  nature  will  here  find  a  scene  of  exquisite  love- 
liness. Behind  the  pavilion,  and  yet  so  near  that  a  walk  of  five  minutes  will 
plunge  you  into  the  cooling  depths  of  the  canons  that  seam  their  sides,  rise 
the  lofty,  picturesque  and  cloud-festooned  peaks  of  the  Oquirrh.  Stretching 
away  in  the  other  direction  are  miles  of  the  green,  island-dotted  surface  of  the 
lake,  beyond  which,  mellowed  by  distance,  are  the  far-off  summits  of  the 
mountains  that  fringe  its  western  brink.  To  the  south  sweeps  in  graceful 
circles  the  shore  line,  and  to  the  north  lies  the  many-hued  and  fertile  valley 
of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  with  the  "City  of  the  Saints"  in  the  distance.  Garfield 
is  easily  reached  from  Salt  Lake  City.  Another  lake  resort  near  Salt  Lake 
City  is  Saltair  Beach.  The  Syracuse  bathing  resort  is  much  patronized  by 
the  people  of  Ogden  and  the  surrounding  country,  and  the  bathing  there 
afforded  is  in  every  way  delightful. 

HOT  SPRINGS. — These  curative  agencies  of  nature  are  found  in  many  por- 
tions of  the  State;  indeed,  so  common  are  they  that  they  are  convenient  to 
almost  every  settlement  of  importance.  Ogden  maintains  a  fine  establish- 
ment a  few  miles  north  of  the  city.  Salt  Lake  City  has  three  different  bath- 
ing places  where  you  can  boil  out  in  waters  heated  over  .nature's  furnaces. 
Beth's  Hot  Springs  are  four  miles  north  of  the  city,  and  are  much  resorted 
to  by  invalids  and  pleasure-seekers.  The  Warm  Springs,  within  the  settled 
limits,  enjoy  a  large  patronage.  The  chemical  elements  in  these  several 
springs  do  not  differ  materially.  Their  waters  contain  such  ingredients  as 
chloride  of  sodium,  iron,  sulphur,  magnesia  and  lithia,  and  possess  peculiar 
healing  qualities.  The  ailments  most  relieved  by  them  are  rheumatic,  kidney 
and  stomach  troubles.  The  temperature  of  the  different  springs  vary,  some 
being  as  low  as  95  degrees,  and  some  reach  as  high  as  from  128  to  140* 
degrees  F.  The  springs  of  Ojo  Caliente,  of  Glenwood  and  of  Arkansas  have 
long  been  resorted  to  by  invalids  of  the  Eastern  States,  but  the  hot  springs 
of  Utah  are  equally  efficacious,  and  when  their  wonderful  curative  properties 
are  better  advertised  they  will  attract  to  the  State  many  invalids  and 
pleasure-seekers. 

UTAH  LAKE,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  fresh  water  near  Provo,  must  not  be 
omitted  from  the  list  of  Utah's  attractions.  The  lake  is  the  source  of  the 
River  Jordan,  which  meanders  among  the  grassy  fields  of  the  Utah  and  Salt 
Lake  valleys,  and  flows  into  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Boating  is  a  popular 
amusement  on  Utah  Lake,  and  during  the  hunting  season  hundreds  of  duck- 
hunters  and  myriads  of  ducks  visit  it.  The  lake  is  stocked  with  black  bass, 
whitefish,  trout  and  common  food  fish,  and  is  resorted  to  by  the  State's  fish- 
ermen. The  lake  receives  the  waters  of  the  American  Pork,  Provo  and 
Spanish  rivers,  is  twenty- five  miles  in  length  by  five  miles  in  breadth,  and  is 
encircled  by  picturesque  mountains.  Around  its  shores  is  exemplified,  per- 
haps more  perfectly  than  in  any  other  part  of  Utah,  the  high  degree  of  suc- 
cess attained  by  the  Utah  farmer. 

MOUNTAIN  RESORTS.— With  these  the  State  is  bountifully  supplied.  In 
the  vicinity  of  almost  every  settlement  of  importance  are  deep  canons 
wherein  the  people  at  home,  as  well  as  those  from  abroad,  seek,  in  the  sum- 
mer season,  the  coolness  and  pleasure  of  camp  life.  Near  Salt  Lake  City, 
high  up  the  mountain  sides,  on  the  shores  of  mountain  lakes,  or  on  the  banks 
of  mountain  streams,  summer  hotels  are  conducted  for  the  convenience  of 
those  who  prefer  to  have  all  of  the  recreation  and  none  of  the  labor  incident 
to  summering  in  the  mountains.  It  may  be  said  that  wherever  there  is  a 
mountain  in  Utah  there  is  also  an  interesting  canon,  and  the  searcher  for  a 
spot  in  which  to  summer  will  find  no  difficulty  in  suiting  his  taste,  no  matter 
how  critical  it  may  be. 

THE  HOT  POTS.— Near  Park  City  will  be  found  a  natural  curiosity  of 
Utah,  called  familiarly  "THE  HOT-POT  REGION."  Here  innumerable  hot 


90  UTAH. 

springs  have  built  up  around  their  mouths  cylindrical-shaped  affairs  which 
very  much  resemble  inverted  pots,  from  the  top  of  which  overflow  the  waters 
of  the  springs.  These  pots,  some  of  which  are  many  feet  high,  are  scat- 
tered all  over  the  surface  of  the  country,  and  present  a  singular  and  inter- 
.  esting  spectacle.  This  region  is  annually  visited  by  many  strangers,  who  in- 
dulge in  bathing  and  mountain-climbing. 

FISHING  AND  HUNTING. — The  angler  will  find  in  Utah  ample  opportuni- 
ties to  indulge  in  his  favorite  sport.  The  mountains  streams  are  stocked  with 
gamy  trout  and  the  but  little  less  gamy  black  bass  abounds  in  the  waters  of 
Utah  Lake.  In  season  good  duck-hunting  can  be  had  on  Utah  Lake,  the 
Jordan  and  around  the  pools  and  lagoons  of  the  Salt  Lake  Valley.  On  the 
mountain  sides  grouse  are  plentiful,  arid  now  and  then  a  deer  is  seen,  but  to 
find  any  amount  of  larger  game  the  hunter  must  seek  the  mountain  ranges  of 
the  Uintah  and  Uncompahgre  reservations.  Salt  Lake  City  is  the  usual  out- 
putting  place  for  fishermen  and  hunters,  and  most  of  the  fishing  and  hunting 
grounds  can  be  conveniently  reached  over  the  Oregon  Short  Line.  There  are 
many  other  attractions  in  Utah  which  cannot  be  particularly  described  in  this 
book,  but  which  can  be  easily  found  by  the  pleasure  and  health  seeker.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  season  the  Oregon  Short  Line  runs  frequent  excursions  from 
points  along  its  line  to  the  different  resorts  of  the  State.  These  excursions 
are  popularized  by  cheap  rates  and  a  liberal  ticket  limit. 

THE    MORMON    QUESTION. 

The  Mormon  question  belongs  largely  to  the  past.  It  has  long  since 
ceased  to  be  a  frequent  subject  for  discussion.  Once  in  a  while  in  the  midst 
of  political  excitement  it  breaks  out  and  is  talked  of  for  a  time,  but  interest 
in  it  soon  subsides,  and  the  people,  Mormon  and  Gentile,  continue  their  trade 
and  social  relations,  which  every  year  are  more  firmly  establised.  The  ques- 
tion no  longer  affects  the  State's  future  growth  or  prosperity.  The  hatred 
and  uncharitableness  once  provoked  by  it  have  passed  away,  and  but  for 
the  fact  that  there  are  in  the  East  persons  who  still  believe  that  it  is -a 
factor  in  the  social,  religious  and  business  life  of  the  State,  the  discussion 
of  the  question  might  well  be  eliminated  from  every  book  and  article  con- 
cerning Utah.  It  is  confessed  that  during  the  first  thirty-five  years  of 
Utah's  Territorial  existence  the  relations  between  the  Mormons  and  the  Gen- 
tiles were  more  or  less  strained.  How  could  they  well  have  been  otherwise? 
The  Mormons  had  fled  from  what  they  believed  to  be  the  persecutions  of  the 
Eastern  people,  and,  unmindful  of  the  danger  of  the  effort,  had  moved  1,000 
miles  into  the  wilderness,  there  to  build  up  a  commonwealth  wherein  they 
could  manage  their  own  affairs — business  and  governmental.  Naturally, 
they  felt  a  proprietorship  over  the  region  they  occupied,  and  looked  with 
disfavor  upon  the  coming  of  those  whose  religious  belief  and  methods  were 
different  from  their  own.  Again,  the  Mormon  creed,  as  then  professed,  was 
in  many  important  respects  entirely  at  variance  with  other  religious  creeds 
of  the  United  States,  and  its  influence  early  became  apparent  in  local,  social, 
business  and  governmental  affairs.  For  many  years  after  the  first  settlement 
was  made  the  Mormons  were  alone  in  the  wilderness,  but  the  discovery  in 
and  around  Utah  of  great  deposits  of  valuable  minerals,  and  the  building  of 
the  Union  Pacific  into  the  West,  attracted  to  their  country  the  adventurous 
spirits  who,  during  that  period  of  Western  development,  were  breaking  over 
the  border  line  of  civilization  and  blazing  trails  for  those  who  were  in  time 
to  follow  them.  The  new-comers  were  Gentiles,  and  with  their  arrival 
began  the  friction  which  first  called  attention  to  the  Mormon  question,  a 
question  which  for  many  years,  more  than  anything  else,  retarded  Utah's 
progress.  This  friction  resulted  from  Gentile  antagonism  to  Mormon  political 
control,  to  polygamy  and  to  the  alleged  teaching  by  Mormon  leaders  of  the 
supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  State.  National  politics  at  this  time  re- 


UTAH.  91 

ceived  no  attention,  but  two  local  organizations — the  People's  party,  repre- 
sentative of  the  Mormon  element,  and  the  Liberal  party,  representative  of 
the  Gentile  element — for  over  thirty  years  contended  for  political  mastery. 
The  animosities  engendered  during  this  long  period  need  not  be  discussed 
here,  as  they  have  long  since  passed  away.  For  many  years  before  the  long 
conflict  closed  it  was  apparent  that  these  animosities  were  decreasing,  and 
that  the  contending  classes  were  gradually  drawing  nearer  together.  These 
signs  indicated  the  beginning  of  the  end,  and  the  end  came  when  the  Mormon 
people  disbanded  their  party,  surrendered  polygamy  and  proclaimed  the  per- 
petual dissolution  of  church  and  State.  These  concessions  were  at  once 
received  by  the  mass  of  the  Gentile  people  in  the  spirit  with  which  they  were 
made.  The  Liberal  party  disbanded  with  but  one  dissenting  vote,  old  antag- 
onists shook  hands,  old  hatreds  were  dissipated,  and  there  began  in  Utah  an 
era  of  peace  and  good  wrill  far  more  perfect  than  could  have  existed  had  it 
not  have  been  preceded  by  years  of  conflict.  Today  no  one  well  informed 
about  Utah  will  dissent  from  the  writer's  statement  that  there  is  not  else- 
where in  the  United  States  a  more  loyalx  progressive  and  law-abiding  people 
than  the  people  of  the  "Forty-fifth  State."  The  name  "Gentile"  and  "Mor- 
mon" are  seldom  now  heard  in  Utah.  The  two  classes  intermingle  in  social 
and  business  affairs,  and  are  united  in  effort  to  further  the  growth  and 
herald  abroad  the  glory  of  the  State. 

SCHOOL  SYSTEM.  Bancroft  Library 

In  1890  the  Legislature  of  Utah  enacted  a  law  establishing  a  system  of 
free  public  schools  for  Utah.  Prior  to  that  time  the  children  of  the  State 
were  dependent  upon  sectarian  schools  or  upon  schools  supported  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent  by  tuition  charges.  The  law  of  1890  has  been  followed  by  other 
legislation,  the  effect  of  which  has  been  to  give  the  State  as  perfect  a  public- 
school  system  as  is  enjoyed  by  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  Space  will  not 
p'ermit  the  discussion  of  the  details  of  this  system.  It  is  enough  to  say  that 
the  schools  of  Utah  are  already  far-famed  for  their  excellence,  and  that  they 
have  attracted  to  the  State  from  the  surrounding  States  and  Territories 
many  thousand  people  who  desire  to  have  their  children  receive  instruction 
therein.  In  Salt  Lake  City  the  school  property  acquired  since  1890,  and  now 
held  by  the  school  board,  is  valued  at  $1,098,451.85.  This  sum  is  represented 
by  twenty-six  commodious,  modern,  thoroughly  ventilated  and  completely 
equipped  palatial  school  buildings,  wherein  the  most  improved  methods 
known  to  the  science  of  education  are  daily  employed.  The  present  enroll- 
ment of  the  Salt  Lake  City  schools  (January  1,  1901)  is  12,584.  The  growth, 
not  only  of  the  schools,  but  of  Salt  Lake,  since  1890  will  be  appreciated  when 
the  statement  is  made  that  the  enrollment  of  1890  was  6,368,  representing 
72  per  cent,  of  the  entire  school  poulation.  The  astonishing  development  of 
the  public-school  system  as  a  result  of  the  law  of  1890  is,  however,  not  con- 
fined to  Salt  Lake  City.  Every  school  district  in  the  State  can  make  propor- 
tionately an  equally  good  showing.  Utah  is  justly  proud  of  her  common 
schools,  which  will  influence  to  a  marked  degree  her  future  growth  and  the 
intellectual  development  of  her  people.  The  total  school  population  (1900) 
was  84,419;  total  value  of  all  school  property,  $2,932,745.14. 

THE  STATE  UNIVERSITY.— This  institution  is  located  at  Salt  Lake  City, 
on  a  sightly  eminence  east  of  the  limits.  The  grounds,  sixty  acres  in  extent, 
were  set  out  of  the  Fort  Douglas  Military  Reservation  by  a  recent  Act  of 
Congress.  Two  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  State  appropriations  have  been 
expended  within  two  years  in  erecting  normal,  physical  and  library  buildings,, 
which  are  attractive  and  modern,  and  which  are  in  general  use  pending  the 
completion  of  the  scheme  of  construction,  which  includes  several  additional 
structures.  This  institution  is  supported  by  the  State,  and  furnishes  instruc- 


92  UTAH. 

tion  in  all  branches  of  popular  education.  It  has  a  thoroughly-equipped 
chemical  laboratory,  a  gymnasium  and  museum,  the  latter  having  received 
from  the  Utah  World's  Fair  Commission  the  gift  of  Utah's  mineral  exhibit 
at  the  World's  Fair,  which  makes  it  of  great  value  to  those  seeking  instruc- 
tion and  information  upon  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State. 

THE  STATE  AGKICULTTJRAL  COLLEGE  at  Logan  has  thirty-two  professors, 
a  strong  attendance  and  buildings  attractive  and  adequate. 

Other  schools,  academies  and  colleges  have  been  mentioned  elsewhere  in 
this  report. 

RELIGION. 

The  belief  is  still  much  too  general  that  the  creed  of  the  Latter-Day  Saints 
is  practically  the  only  religion  professed  in  Utah,  and  the  question  is  fre- 
quently asked,  "Will  I  have  an  opportunity  of  attending  my  own  church  if 
I  remove  to  your  State?"  To  this  the  answer  can  be  made,  "If  you  belong 
to  any  of  the  religious  societies  usually  present  in  the  cities  of  the  United 
States  you  will  find  your  church  there."  The  Mormon  people  have  many 
meeting-houses,  and  have  built  four  magnificent  temples  wherein  they  teach 
their  followers  and  conduct  their  peculiar  services,  but  in  almost  every  city 
and  town  in  the  State  other  denominations  have  their  houses  of  worship. 
Salt  Lake  City  is  a  city  of  churches,  and  some  of  the  edifices  would  be  a 
credit  to  the  larger  cities.  Sunday  schools  are  conducted  by  all  of  the  differ- 
ent denominations,  and  the  religious  tone  of  the  people  is  as  pure  as  in  any 
other  place  in  the  country. 


SOCIAL    AFFAIRS,  ART    AND    AMUSEMENTS. 

A  more  music-loving  and  pleasure-seeking  people  than  the  people  of  Utah 
•will  not  be  found  elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  Salt  Lake  sent  to  the 
World's  Fair  its  great  Tabernacle  choir,  where  it  competed  in  open  contest 
with  the  greatest  choirs  in  the  world — securing  the  second  prize.  This  choir 
is  said  to  be  the  largest  company  of  church  singers  in  the  world,  and  its  fame 
has  extended  throughout  the  nation.  One  of  the  teachings  of  Brigham  Young 
was  that  the  people  must  be  amused,  and  so  in  the  very  dawn  of  Salt  Lake's 
history  the  Home  Dramatic  Association,  an  association  which  lives  to  this 
day,  was  organized.  This  company  of  players  entertained  the  people  through- 
out all  the  trying  times  of  the  city's  infancy,  and  many  of  its  actors  became 
celebrated.  In  1862  the  Salt  Lake  Theater  was  built,  an  amusement  house 
theater  seats  1,700  people,  and  Booth  and  other  great  actors  spoke  their  lines 
from  its  stage  when  to  visit  Salt  Lake  meant  a  long  and  tiresome  stage  ride 
from  the  Missouri  River.  In  this  theater  "the  Immortal  Artemus"  gave  one 
of  the  last  lectures  he  delivered  in  America,  and  in  Salt  Lake  he  gathered  the 
material  for  his  quaint  account  of  "The  City  of  the  Saints,"  which  he  gave 
to  delighted  London  almost  up  to  the  very  day  of  his  unhappy  death.  Utah 
which  then  and  now  compares  favorably  with  any  in  the  United  States.  This 
has  given  some  distinguished  artists  to  fame.  Dallin,  whose  work  as  a  sculp- 
tor has  passed  the  scrutiny  of  the  art  critics  of  European  salons,  was  born 
and  raised  in  Utah.  Maud  Adams,  the  charming  actress,  first  saw  the  light 
in  Utah,  and  began,  when  a  child,  her  artistic  career  in  the  Salt  Lake  Thea- 
ter. There  are  at  this  time  two  opera-houses  in  Salt  Lake,  one  in  Ogden, 
one  in  Logan,  one  in  Park  City  and  one  in  Provo,  all  of  which  are  commo- 
dious and  properly  equipped  for  the  appearance  of  large  companies.  Utahians 
are  imbued  by  long  years  of  training  and  opportunity  with  the  desire  for 
relaxation.  This  is  evidenced  by  their  enthusiastic  patronage  of  their  amuse- 
ment houses,  by  the  encouragement  they  give  to  societies  organized  for 
pleasure  purposes  and  by  their  daily  visits  in  season  to  their  lake  and  other 


UTAH.  93 

resorts.  In  all  social  matters  they  are  up  to  the  standard  in  every  way. 
Inviting  the  people  of  other  States  to  come  and  live  among  them,  they  make 
acquaintance  easy  and  hasten  to  extend  to  every  new-comer  the  fullest  hos- 
pitality. All  religious  classes  mingle  without  friction,  and  a  place  in  society 
is  always  open  to  the  deserving. 


THE    CITIES    AND    TOWNS    OF    UTAH 

have  been  described  with  some  detail  in  the  portions  of  this  book  devoted  to- 
the  mining  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  several  counties.  The  towns 
and  cities  of  2,000  or  more  population,  stated  in  the  order  of  their  rank, 
according  to  the  census  of  1900,  are  as  follows: 

Salt  Lake  City,  Salt  Lake  County 53,531 

Ogden,  Weber  County 16,313 

Provo,  Utah  County 6,185 

Logan,  Cache  County 5,451 

Park  City,  Summit  County 3,759 

Springville,  Utah  County 3,422 

Murray,  Salt  Lake  County 3,302 

Eureka,  Juab  County 3,085     . 

Brigliam  City,  Box  Elder  County 2,859 

Springville,  Utah  County 2,735 

American  Fork,  Utah  County 2,732 

Lehi,  Utah  County 2,719 

Payson,  Utah  County 2,636 

Mill  Creek,  Salt  Lake  County 2,498 

Pleasant  Grove,  Utah  County 2,460 

Manti,  Sanpete  County 2,408 

Mt.  Pleasant,  Sanpete  County 2,372 

Mercur,  Tooele  County 2,351 

Nephi,  Juab  County 2,208 

Ephrairn,  Sanpete  County 2,086 


Besides  these  there  are  many  thriving  villages  throughout  the  agricul- 
tural and  mining  districts  having  a  population  of  from  500  to  2,000  souls. 
These  villages  are  all  well  governed,  have  good  business  houses,  and  many 
of  them  are  supplied  with  fire  apparatus  and  other  municipal  conveniences. 


SALT    LAKE    CITY. 

On  July  24,  1847,  in  the  morning,  after  the  first  band  ("The  Immortals") 
of  Utah  pioneers  had  unyoked  for  the  last  time  on  their  memorable  journey 
their  tired  oxen,  Salt  Lake  City  was  founded. 

The  story  told  is  that  Brigham  Young,  under  whose  leadership  they  were, 
and  whose  genius  was  later  to  be  written  on  every  page  of  the  history  of 
early  trans-Missouri  settlement,  planted  his  cane  on  the  eminence  now 
crowned  with  the  most  wonderful  of  all  Mormon  edifices,  and  said,  "Here 
will  we  build  the  temple  of  our  Lord."  Since  then  the  great  Empire  of  the 
West  has  been  growing,  and  all  the  while  Salt  Lake  has  looked  on  at  the  up- 
building and  measured  its  progress  day  by  day  and  year  by  year  by  its 
growth.  From  the  beginning  it  burned  its  little  light  of  civilization  far  out  in 
the  wilderness  and  encouraged  onward  with  its  beams  those  who  were  to  re- 
deem the  wastes.  It  was  present  when  the  treaty  of  1848  gave  us  our  pos- 
sessions from  Mexico.  It  witnessed  the  map-making  of  half  a  continent  and 
saw  the  lines  of  the  great  Western  States  marked  out.  It  was  a  sturdy  in- 
fant when  Marshall  discovered  gold,  and  in  its  'teens  when  Denver  was  born. 
It  welcomed  the  first  pony  express  rider  on  his  way  to  the  Pacific,  and  re- 
ceived Ben  Holliday's  first  overland  conch.  Its  toilers  erected  the  poles  and 
strung  the  wires  on  the  first  transcontinental  telegraph  line,  and  built  the  last 
section  of  the  road  which  as  the  great  Union  Pacific  now  links  Omaha  to- 


94  UTAH. 

San  Francisco.  With  all  this  in  its  background,  may  not  Utah's  capital 
justly  claim  a  place  among  the  historic  cities  of  our  country? 

Viewed  today,  Salt  Lake  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  of  the  United 
States.  Artists  with  pen  and  brush,  kodaks  and  cameras,  have  pictured  the 
exquisite  scenes  within  and  around  it.  Its  founders  and  all  followers  of  their 
religious  faith  attribute  to  God's  direction  every  act  of  their  lives,  every  re- 
sult of  their  effort,  and  when  one  contemplates  the  marvelous  beauty  of  Salt 
Lake's  situation  and  considers  the  extraordinary  diversity  of  rich  resources 
surrounding  it,  the  thought  comes  to  him  that  a  Guiding  Hand  greater  than 
that  of  any  man  must  have  had  to  do  with  its  creation. 

The  city  lies  about  midway  between  San  Francisco  and  Denver.  The 
majestic  peaks  of  the  Wasatch  tower  above  it  on  the  east,  and  the  lovely  and 
fertile  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  stretches  away  towards  the  west  in 
vernal  billows. 

As  a  commercial  and  railroad  point  Salt  Lake  has  no  competitor  in  the 
inter-mountain  country.  Indeed,  it  may  be  said  in  every  sense  to  be  the 
center  of  that  great  region.  It  is  the  headquarters  of  many  great  mining 
companies,  and  is  the  location  of  some  of  the  largest  smelters  and  mineral 
mills  in  the  West.  From  it  is  distributed  the  products  of  the  farmer  and 
manufacturer,  and  its  wholesale  houses  send  their  goods  for  hundreds  of 
miles  in  every  direction.  It  is,  and  always  will  be,  the  chief  city  between 
Denver  and  San  Francisco.  That  its  future  growth  will  be  rapid  and  sub- 
stantial no  one  who  reaches  an  understanding  of  its  resources  and  attractions 
will  deny.  No  mining,  agricultural  or  industrial  development  can  occur 
within  500  miles  of  it  in  any  direction  without  favorably  affecting  the  city's 
growth.  No  transcontinental  railroad  to  be  built  through  the  center  of  the 
republic  can  avoid  it.  To  it  must  inevitably  come,  either  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, a  vast  tribute  of  trade  from  Utah  and  the  surrounding  States.  Money 
paid  out  for  labor  in  the  thousands  of  mines  within  its  immediate  mineral 
domain  will  always  flow  in  a  steady  stream  to  Salt  Lake.  These  are  its 
general  advantages.  Considered  in  detail,  the  city  will  compare  favorably 
with  any  other  of  its  size  in  the  country.  Its  founders  laid  it  out  upon  a 
generous  plan,  making  the  blocks  ten  acres  in  size,  the  lots  165  feet  front  by 
330  feet  in  depth,  and  the  streets  132  feet  wide.  No  change  has  since  oc- 
curred in  the  lines  originally  drawn  except  that  the  lots  have  been  divided 
into  smaller  parcels,  but  all  that  human  effort  could  do  to  make  the  city  beau- 
tiful has  been  done.  There  are  trees  and  lawns  everywhere  within  its  limits, 
and  the  city  is  threaded  with  over  100  miles  of  shaded  brook-lined  avenues. 
In  the  business  portion  the  streets  are  paved  with  Utah  asphaltum,  and  sub- 
stantial cement  walks  lead  through  the  residence  portions.  In  1890  the  city 
entered  upon  a  season  of  municipal  improvements  which  included  the  con- 
struction of  everything  necessary  to  public  health  and  comfort,  and  these 
improvements  are  still  going  on.  Since  their  commencement  a  great  system 
of  sewers,  with  a  gravity  outlet  five  miles  long,  has  been  placed  in  operation, 
miles  of  sidewalks  and  street  paving  have  been  put  down,  a  great  public 
building,  which  cost  over  a  million  dollars  and  which  is  classed  among  the 
finest  public  structures  in  the  West,  has  been  constructed  and  completed, 
and  many  other  similar  advantages  have  been  secured.  The  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Bell  Telephone  Company,  having  headquarters  in  Salt  Lake  and  con- 
trolling Idaho,  Montana,  Utah  and  Wyoming,  maintains  an  extensive  sys- 
tem. Over  its  5,000  or  more  miles  of  wire  communications  may  be  had  with 
250  cities  and  towns  in  the  four  States.  Connection  was  made  in  1900  with 
the  Pacific  Coast  cities  and  with  Denver,  and  during  1901  Kansas  City  and 
the  entire  East  will  be  on  speaking  terms  with  Zion.  Salt  Lake's  population, 
as  given  by  the  census  of  1900,  is  53,531,  but  at  the  risk  of  criticism  the 
statement  is  ventured  that  the  figures  are  a  decided  underestimate.  Checked 
by  school  attendance,  directory  publications,  registration  and  polling  lists, 
65,000  would  be  nearer  right.  Tre  governmental  canvass  was  made  during 


UTAH.  95 

the  summer  season,  when  thousands  were  absent  in  the  prospecting  fields 
and  at  pleasure  resorts.  The  city  now  boasts  of  many  fine  business  blocks, 
and  these  blocks,  it  is  gratifying  to  note,  ar  all  occupied  and  on  a  paying 
basis.  Salt  Lake's  growth  is  not  dependent  entirely  upon  the  East,  although, 
of  course,  it  receives  every  year  an  influx  of  population  from  distant  States 
where  either  business  or  climatic  conditions  are  unfavorable.  Being  in  the 
•center  of  a  vast  region  wherein  large  operations  are  conducted  in  mining, 
stock-growing  and  other  enterprises,  and  having  a  perfect  climate,  the  Great 
Salt  Lake,  hot  thermal  springs,  the  lowest  death  rate  of  any  city  in  the 
nation,  good  public  schools,  fine  social  conditions,  beauty  of  location  and 
environment  and  many  other  essentials  of  a  perfect  home  place,  it  naturally 
attracts  to  it  wealthy  people  from  neighboring  States  who  desire  to  give  their 
families  these  advantages,  and  who  arrange  to  carry  on  their  enterprises  from 
Salt  Lake.  So  it  is  that  while  adverse  national  financial  conditions  have  in- 
terfered with  emigration  to  the  West  during  the  past  few  years,  Salt  Lake 
has  beon  steadily  growing.  It  is  essentially  the  home  city  of  the  inter- 
mountain  country.  Every  Utah  miner  who  realizes  his  hopes  invests  his 
money  here,  and  the  city  is  filled  with  stately  homes  and  business  buildings 
which  have  been  "dug"  from  the  mines  of  this  and  adjoining  States.  As  a 
a  place  for  permanent  homes  no  city  in  the  West  can  compare  with  Salt  Lake. 
The  advantages  it  offers  are  legion.  Property  values  are  not  exorbitant,  the 
rate  of  taxation  is  moderate,  almost  every  creed  in  Christendom  has  its 
-church  here,  a  perfect  system  of  electric  rapid  transit  permeates  every  portion 
of  the  city,  the  people  are  broad-minded,  progressive  and  sociable,  the  laws 
are  well-executed,  crime  is  not  common,  and  pauperism  does  not  exist  among 
those  who  are  willing  to  work. 

What  the  limits  of  Salt  Lake's  future  are  cannot  be  guessed,  but  that  it 
will  grow  and  expand  with  the  certain  growth  and  expansion  of  the  great 
country  around  it  cannot  be  questioned.  While  this  account  is  being  cor- 
rected (January,  1901)  the  building  of  a  road  from  Salt  Lake  to  Los  Angeles 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  certainties  of  the  near  future.  This  road  will  be  to 
Salt  Lake  what  the  wonderful  lamp  was  to  Aladdin,  and  through  its  magic 
influence  the  city's  future  wealth  and  greatness  will  be  secured.  But  there 
are  other  railroad  movements  in  the  air.  At  least  two  of  the  great  Eastern 
lines  threaten  early  building  into  Utah,  and  present  indications  are  that  Salt 
Lake  is  to  become  the  center  of  interest  to  Western  railroad  builders.  The 
large  area  given  to  Salt  Lake  by  its  founders  is  already  occupied,  and  addi- 
tion after  addition  has  been  added  to  the  original  limits.  It  is  easier  to  as- 
sign a  hundred  reasons  for  the  city's  advancement  than  it  is  to  offer  one  for 
its  decadence. 

The  history  of  investment  in  Salt  Lake  real  estate  is  replete  with  accounts 
of  profits  made,  and  the  suggestion  is  offered  that  money  conservatively  in- 
vested now  will  certainly  be  returned  many  fold.  Nothing  can  stop  the  prog- 
ress of  Salt  Lake  except  the  cessation  of  the  progress  of  its  great  tributary 
country,  and  no  one  will  contend  that  the  development  of  the  vast  wealth  of 
a  region  larger  than  all  the  Middle  States  is  in  danger  of  ceasing. 


DEMAND    FOR    LABOR. 

In  justice  to  those  resident  in  other  States  who  are  looking  to  Utah  in 
search  of  employment,  it  is  but  fair  to  state  that  there  is  no  unsatisfied  de- 
mand for  laborers  or  skilled  employes.  The  farm  labor  of  the  State  is  largely 
supplied  by  the  sons  of  land-owners  and  by  those  who,  from  long  residence 
and  experience,  understand  the  peculiar  methods  employed  in  irrigation 
farming.  Mining  labor  belongs  to  the  skilled  class,  and  those  who  have  not 
had  experience  in  the  excavation  of  ores  must  not  expect  to  secure  employ- 
ment readily.  Of  common  day-laborers  the  State  seems  now  to  be  well  sup- 


96  UTAH. 

plied,  and  there  is  no  dearth  of  bookkeepers,  accountants,  stenographers, 
clerks  or  others  who  follow  similar  vocations.  To  all  who  are  looking  this 
way  for  employment  the  advice  is  given,  "Do  not  come  expecting  immediate 
work.  Do  not  come  at  all  unless  you  are  sufficiently  supplied  with  funds  to 
tide  you  over  the  period  of  acquaintance  and  adjustment  to  local  conditions 
which  must  precede  the  securing  of  work." 

There  is  at  present  in  Salt  Lake  no  dearth  of  either  skilled  or  unskilled 
laborers,  or  of  stenographers,  clerks  and  other  similar  employes.  Persons 
seeking  these  and  other  kinds  of  employment  cannot  expect  success  until 
after  they  have  passed  through  the  period  of  acquaintance. 


IMPORTANT    FACTS. 

The  population  of  Utah  is,  according  to  the  last  census,  276,749. 

Utah  is  within  the  arid  region  of  the  United  States,  and  most  entries  of 
public  land  have  been  made  under  the  provisions  of  the  Desert  Land  Act, 
although  some  entries  have  been  made  under  the  pre-emption,  homestead  and 
timber  culture  acts. 

There  is  but  one  land  office,  that  at  Salt  Lake  City,  by  writing  to  which 
information  can  be  obtained  as  to  how  to  take  advantage  of  the  Acts  of 
Congress  in  location  to  public  domain. 

All  crops  common  to  the  temperate  zone  are  raised  in  Utah;  but  wheat, 
barley,  rye,  oats  and  lucerne  are  the  leading  products.  Utah  is  not  a  corn 
country,  although  some  is  raised. 

Of  the  fruits,  apples,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  pears,  apricots;  and  of  the 
small  fruits,  strawberries,  blackberries,  raspberries,  gooseberries  and  cur- 
rants are  the  leading  products. 

Nine-tenths  of  the  farming  is  done  by  irrigation,  water  for  which  purpose 
is  furnished  from  community  ditches  or  from  the  ditches  of  organized  irriga- 
.  tion  companies  at  a  nominal  cost. 

Utah's  farm  and  fruit  products  are  largely  consumed  in  the  State  and  sur- 
rounding States.  The  excess  of  potatoes  and  barley  go  as  far  east  as  Chi- 
cago. 

Railroads  make  access  to  almost  every  part  of  the  State  easy,  and  round- 
trip  rates  are  made  between  local  points. 


BRIEF    INFORMATION. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  Temple  was  laid  April  6,  1853,  by  President 
Brigham  Young,  assisted  by  his  counselors,  Heber  C.  Kimball  and  Willard 
Richards.  It  was  forty  years  under  construction,  and  was  dedicated  April  6, 
1893,  by  President  Wilford  Woodruff,  assisted  by  his  counselors,  George  Q. 
Cannon  and  Joseph  F.  Smith.  This  building  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
massive  in  the  United  States,  being  constructed  of  gray  granite  obtained  near 
the  city.  Its  exterior  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Length,  186%  feet;  width, 
99  feet.  It  is  surmounted  by  six  towers,  three  on  the  east  and  three  on  the 
west  end  of  the  structure.  Other  measurements  may  be  summarized  as  fol- 
lows: Height  of  central  east  spire,  221%  feet,  upon  which  stands  the  golden 
figure  of  the  angel  Moroni,  12  feet  5%  inches  high.  The  idea  conveyed  by  the 
statue  is  that  of  a  herald  or  messenger  in  the  act  of  blowing  a  trumpet — an 
embodiment  of  the  fact  of  Moroni  bringing  the  gospel  to  the  earth  in  this  lat- 
ter-day dispensation.  This  figure,  by  the  famous  Utah  sculptor,  Dallin,  is  of 
hammered  copper,  is  gilded  with  pure  gold-leaf,  and  surmounting  its  crown  is 
an  immense  incandescent  lamp  of  100  candle-power.  Height  of  west  towers, 
219  feet;  height  of  east  side  towers,  200  feet;  height  of  west  side  towers,  194 
foot:;  thickness  of  foundation  wall,  16  feet;  thickness  of  wall  at  the  bottom, 
9  feet;  thickness  of  wall  at  the  top,  6  feet.  This  building  is  estimated  to  have 


UTAH.  97 

cost  about  .$4,000,000.  It  is  not  open  to  the  public,  nor  is  it  used  as  a  place 
for  general  worship.  Within  it  the  different  rites  of  the  priesthood  and  the 
ceremonies  of  marriage  and  baptism  are  celebrated.  Its  interior  decorations 
and  furnishings  are  said  to  be  the  most  magnificent  of  any  building  in  the 
United  States. 

The  great  Tabernacle  is  250  feet  long,  150  feet  wide  and  100  feet  high  in 
the  center  of  the  roof,  which  is  a  single  mighty  arch  unsupported  by  pillar 
or  post,  and  is  said  to  have  but  one  counterpart  on  the  globe.  The  walls  are 
twelve  feet  thick,  and  there  are  twenty  huge  double  doors  for  entry  and  exit. 
The  Tabernacle  resembles  in  appearance  the  back  of  a  vast  terrapin,  or  half 
of  a  prodigious  egg  cut  in  two  lengthwise.  This  building  seats  13,462  people, 
and  its  acoustic  properties  are  so  marvelous  that  a  faint  whisper  or  the  drop- 
ping of  a  pin  can  be  heard  all  over  it.  The  Tabernacle  is  used  as  a  meeting- 
house, and  there  every  Sunday  afternoon  the  Mormon  people  gather  for  re- 
ligious worship.  Within  this  building  stands  the  famous  Mormon  organ, 
for  many  years  the  largest  organ  in  the  United  States,  and  now  the  most 
sweet-toned.  Around  this  organ  assembles  every  Sunday  the  famous  Mor- 
mon choir,  the  largest  organized  church  choir  in  the  world. 

To  the  tourist  interesting  places  to  visit  are  Temple  Square,  Brigham 
Young  Monument,  the  tithing  yard,  the  Lion  House,  Bee  Hive  House,  Ame- 
lia's Palace  (former  houses  of  Brigham  Young),  the  Eagle  Gate,  Brigham 
Young's  grave,  the  Salt  Lake  Theater  (built  in  1868),  the  Deseret  Museum, 
the  county  and  city  buildings  (cost  $1,000,000),  Saltair  and  Garfield  bathing 
resorts  on  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  Fort  Douglas,  four  miles  east  of  the  city,  and 
the  warm  and  hot  springs  at  the  city's  northern  limit. 

Street-car  lines  reach  all  points  of  interest.  The  ride  to  Fort  Douglas, 
where  a  fine  view  of  the  city,  valley  and  lake  can  be  had,  is  a  pleasant  one. 
Southbound  cars  afford  a  look  at  the  perfection  of  agricultural  development 
in  the  Salt  Lake  Valley. 

The  great  Tabernacle  is  open  to  visitors,  and  an  attendant  will  illustrate 
its  marvelous  acoustic  properties  upon  request.  Free  organ  recitals  are  here 
given  on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays. 

The  great  organ  is  world-famed  for  its  sweetness  of  tone. 

Visitors  are  not  admitted  to  the  Temple. 

Saltair  Beach  has  the  largest  bathing  pavilion  in  the  world.  It  rests 
upon  piles  4,000  feet  from  shore. 

You  cannnot  sink  in  the  Great  Saft  Lake.  The  water  is  about  one-fifth 
salt.  A  quarter  of  a  million  people  bathe  in  the  lake  every  year.  Round- 
trip  fare  to  all  resorts,  twenty-five  cents;  baths,  twenty-five  cents  additional. 
Distance  of  lake  from  city,  eleven  miles.  Hourly  trains  are  run  during  the 
summer  season  on  the  Oregon  Short  Line  and  Salt  Lake  &  Los  Angeles  rail- 
ways. 

Altitude  Salt  Lake  City,  4,260  feet. 

Average  summer  temperature,  72  degrees;  average  winter  temperature, 
32  degrees. 

The  death  rate  of  Salt  Lake  for  1900  was  9.77  per  thousand  of  population. 

The  area  of  Salt  Lake  is  sixteen  square  miles. 

Of  churches  Salt  Lake  has  one  of  about  every  creed. 

Salt  Lake's  school  population  for  1900  was  12,584;  number  of  school  build- 
ings. 24,  valued  at  $1.098,451.85;  State  school  population,  84,419. 

The  tax  rate  for  all  purposes  is  about  twenty-eight  mills  per  dollar  of  valu- 
ation, which  is  about  one-third  full. 

An  appropriation  has  passed  Congress  for  a  $500,000  Federal  Building, 
work  upon  which  will  begin  on  a  site  lately  agreed  upon  and  near  the  busi- 
ness center  early  in  1901. 

The  climate  of  the  State  varying  with  its  varying  altitudes,  being  coldest 
in  Cache  County  and  warmest  in  Washington  County,  but  at  no  point  are 
more  than  moderate  extremes  common. 


98  UTAH. 

Consumption  does  not  orginate  in  Utah,  and  the  climate  is  among  the  best 
in  the  world  for  the  cure  of  that  disease  and  for  the  relief  of  general  throat 
and  lung  troubles.  This  is  said. to  be  due  to  the  anomaly  of  sea  air  4,000 
feet  above  tide-water. 

Distant  from  the  larger  towns,  in  productive  valleys,  good  land  under  irri- 
gation can  be  obtained  from  $10  to  $100  per  acre.  Values  increase  materially 
if  the  lands  are  close  to  large  centers  of  population.  Several  large  irrigation 
companies  of  the  State  are  offering  land  under  their  ditches  at  reasonable 
prices  and  upon  good  terms.  Persons  seeking  farms  are  recommended  to 
apply  to  them  for  information  or  to  the  land  agent  of  the  Union  Pacific  at 
Salt  Lake  City. 

The  laws  of  Utah  have  been  very  largely  copied  from  those  of  other  States, 
and  will  be  found  to  afford  ample  protection  to  property  and  persons. 

Women  are  qualified  voters  at  all  elections  in  Utah.  < 


WRITE    TO 

B.  A.   McALLASTER, 

LAND  COMMISSIONER,    U.    P.   R.   R.  CO., 
OMAHA,    NEB. 

For  Maps  and  Prices  of 

FARMS,  RANCHES, 
GRAZING  LANDS  F0,sa,eby 

• 

Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company 

in  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
Colorado, 

Wyoming,   Utah. 

Prices : 

FARMS,  $4.00  TO  $1O.OO  PER  ACRE. 

RANCHES,  $1.50  TO  $5.0O  PER  ACRE. 

CRAZING  LANDS,    .50  TO  $1  .50  PER  ACRE. 


New  Terms  of  Sale  of  Union  Pacific  Lands* 

TEN    YEARS'   CREDIT. 

One  tenth  of  the  purchase  money  is  payable  at  time  of  purchase.  At 
the  end  of  the  first  year  interest  only,  at  the  rate  of  six  per  cent  per  annum 
on  the  deferred  purchase  money,  is  payable.  At  the  end  of  the  second 
year,  and  each  year  thereafter,  one-tenth  of  the  purchase  money  becomes 
due,  together  with  interest  on  the  deferred  amount  at  the  rate  of  six  per 
cent  per  annum. 

Contracts  may  be  paid  up  in  full  at  any  time  before  maturity,  and 
interest  will  be  charged  only  to  date  of  final  payment. 

Five  per  cent  discount  will  be  allowed  upon  the  unpaid,  n umat ured  install, 
ments  of  principal  which  have  more  than  nine  months  to  run,  where  final  pay. 
ment  is  made  upon  a  contract  within  five  years  after  its  date. 

Ten  per  cent  discount  will  be  allowed  from  list  prices  upon  cash  sales. 


INFORMATION 


REGARDING 

THE   TERRITORY    TRAVERSED  BY  THE  UNION  PACIFIC,  TICKETS,  BAGGAGE,   PULLMAN 

OR    TOURIST    SLEEPING   CAR    BERTHS,    MAPS,    TIME    TABLES,    ETC.,    WILL    BE 

CHEERFULLY    FURNISHED    ON    APPLICATION    TO    ANY    REPRESENTATIVE 

OF  THE  UNION  PACIFIC  PASSENGER  DEPART- 
MENT  AT   THE    AGENCIES    NAMED    BELOW. 


ALBANY,  N.  Y 23  Maiden  Lace 

BOSTON,  MASS .176  Washington  Street 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y 301  Mam  Street 

CHEYENNE,  WYO Union  Pacific  Depot 

CHICAGO,  ILL 193  South  Clark  Street 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO 407  Walnut  Street 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO 211-212  Williamson  Block 

COLUMBUS,  OHIO 35S  North  High  Street 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  IOWA Union  Pacific  Transfer 

DENVER,  COLO 941  Seventeenth  Street 

DES  MOINES,  IOWA 401  Walnut  Street 

DETROIT,  MICH 67  Woodward  Avenue 

INDIANAPOLIS,  IND 7  Jackson  Place 

KANSAS  CITY,  MO 1000  Main  Street 

LEAVENWORTH,  KAN 228  Delaware  Street 

LINCOLN,  NEB 1044  O  Street 

LONDON,  ENG 122  Paul  Mall 

LOS  ANGELES,  CAL 250  South  Spring  Street 

NEW  YORK  CITY 287  Broadway 

OAKLAND,  CAL 1160  Broadway 

OGDEN,  UTAH , Union  Depot 

OMAHA,  NEB 1324  Farnam  Street 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA 802  Chestnut  Street 

PITTSBURG,  PA Park  Building 

PORTLAND,  ORE 135  Third  Street 

ST.  JOSEPH,  MO Board  of  Trade  Building 

ST.  LOUIS,  MO 903  Olive  Street,  Century  Building 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN 376  Robert  Street 

SALT  LAKE  CITY,  UTAH 201  Main  Street 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL i  Montgomery  Street 

SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA 603  Fourth  Street 

YOKOHAMA,  JAPAN 4  \Vater  Street 

GERRIT  FORT,  A    a.  p.  A.,  OMAHA,   NEB. 

E.  .DICKINSON,  E.   L.  LOMAX, 

General  Manager.  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent. 

OMAHA,  NEB. 


UNI0N  PAGIFIO 


sn^jKg 


"THE  OVERLAND  ROUTE" 

IS  THE 
MOST  DIRECT  LINE  FROM 


TO  ALL 


The  flissouri 

T 

Principal  Points  West 

And  on  account  of  the  varied  character  of  the  country  it  traverses,  offers 

to  those  who  contemplate  going  West  a  more  greatly  diversified 

territory  to  select  from  than  does  any  other 

TRANSCONTINENTAL  LINE 

.     PASSING   AS   IT   DOES  THROUGH,- 

OR   REACHING   VIA   ITS  CONNECTIONS,    NEBRASKA,    KANSAS,    TEXAS,    NEW 
MEXICO,   COLORADO,   WYOMING;   UTAH,   IDAHO,    MONTAN    , 

OREGON,   AND  WASHINGTON. 
EVERY   BUSINESS   INTEREST   IS  TO   BE   FOUND   ALONG    ITS   LINE. 

*       f- 

tho     FartYlOr     thousands  of  acres  of  rich  agricultural 
UIC     rcumci,   land  al,e  yet  open  foi,  settlement. 


Fnr  thp   <\tnrif-Rakpr    immense*  areas  of  excellent 
ror  me  oiDCK-naiser,  grazing  *iands  can  yet  i>e 

secured. 

thP     MiflPr      tlie  ^reat  mountains  of  the  West  wait 
IMP     iflillCI  ,     but  tne  opening  to  become  the  source 
of  large  fortunes,  and 

Fnr  thp  RIIQIHPQQ   Man    tlle  ^rowin^  cities  an(1  towns 
rur  I»B  DUbifiUbb  mdii,  of  tne  West  are  daily  offer. 

ing    unequalled     opportuni- 

ties for  investment  of  capital  and  location  of  industries 
which  are  unsurpassed  by  older  sections  of  th-»  United 
States. 


DICKINSON,  E.  L.  LOMAX, 

General  Manager.  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent. 

OMAHA,  NEBRASKA. 


